19 - The Development of anti-Semitic policies 1938-40
- Created by: Becca Newman
- Created on: 03-03-20 12:57
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- The Development of anti-Semitic policies 1938-40
- The Effect of the Anschluss with Austria March 1938
- Anschluss - union between Germany and Austria
- Banned under the Versailles Treaty but achieved in March 1938
- German troops were welcomed by the Austrians
- 'Bloodless Victory'
- German troops were welcomed by the Austrians
- The Austrian government had called a plebiscite to show their opposition to the union
- When it was clear Britain/France/Italy wouldn't help Austria, they surrendered and Germany invaded
- Banned under the Versailles Treaty but achieved in March 1938
- Hitler's next target was Czechoslovakia
- A large German minority lived in a part of Czech called the Sudetenland
- Sept 1938 Hitler demanded this and be handed over, and Britain and France agreed to it
- March 1939 he succeeded in occupying the rest of Czechoslovakia
- A large German minority lived in a part of Czech called the Sudetenland
- August 1939 Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
- The U**R wouldn't oppose German invasion of Poland
- This invasion happened in Sept and sparked war between Germany and Britain
- The U**R wouldn't oppose German invasion of Poland
- Balance of power in the regime shifted towards radical approaches as Schacht was swept aside
- Schacht hadn't wanted to alienate foreign investors so discouraged anti-Semitism
- Goeing was determined to get rid of all Jews in business
- The occupation of Austria accelerated this campaign as Nazis in Austria could do this without restraint
- Anti-Semitic Decrees, April - November 1938
- April 1938 Decree of Registration of Jewish Property
- confiscated all Jewish property over 5000 marks
- Jews were banned from working as travelling salesmen, security guards, travel agents and estate agents
- 30,000 Jewish travelling salesmen lost their jobs
- Jews lost entitlement to public welfare
- Increased number of unemployed and poor Jews who depended on Jewish charities
- Oct 1938 Jewish passports had to be stamped with a J
- 1939 all Jewish men had to adopt the name Israel + women Sarah
- Hitler turned down the idea for Jews to wear yellow stars
- April 1938 Decree of Registration of Jewish Property
- Anschluss - union between Germany and Austria
- Reichskristallnacht 9-10 Nov 1938
- Jewish homes, businesses were looted + vandalised; synagogues ruined + Jews killed and beaten up
- Nazi propaganda described this night as 'the National soul has boiled over'
- However after the night Hitler ordered Goering to sort things out and calm the SA down
- Orchestrated by Nazi leadership but carried out through **/SA not wearing uniform
- 9th Nov Ernst Vom Rath was murdered in a bank by Herschel Grynszpan (a jew whose parents had been left on the Polish border)
- Used as an excuse for unleashing violent anti-Semitism
- Goebbels orchestrated it to look unorganised by Nazis
- The majority of Germans understood it had been organised by the State
- 9th Nov was 15th anniversary of Much Putsch so this was a celebration
- 91 Jews were killed + thousands injured
- The ** directed the police not to intervene + place more than 20,000 Jews in preventive detention
- The fire brigade were only concerned about stopping the fires from spreading to other buildings
- The ** directed the police not to intervene + place more than 20,000 Jews in preventive detention
- Some ordinary citizens joined in with the violence while others were horrified
- Reports claim some people in Leipzig and Hamburg were appalled and stunned
- A British official claimed he didn't meet anyone who didn't disapprove of the violence
- Goering prevented insurance companies from compensating Jewish victims
- The Decree for the Restoration of the Street Scene
- Meant Jews had to pay the cost of repairs
- Jewish community had to pay 1 billion Reichsmark for compensation of disruption of the economy
- The Decree Excluding Jews from German Economic Life 12th Nov - aryanisation of Jewish business
- Emigration
- Voluntary emigration was the first way a Jew-free Germany was achieved
- As the war approached this moved on to forced emigration
- 1938-41 forced emigration was seen as the solution to the Jewish problem
- As the war approached this moved on to forced emigration
- Voluntary Emigration
- 1933 - 37,000 Jews left Germany
- Overall 150,000 Jews voluntarily left Germany between March 1933 and Nov 1938
- Nazis both encouraged emigration whilst also threatening to confiscate Jewish assets
- he Nazis also encouraged Zionists (returning to homeland) to move to Palestine under British rule
- Those with transferable skills and those with relatives in other countries found the decision easy to leave Germany
- Most Jews felt German and wanted to stay
- Germany had difficulty finding other countries who wanted to take the Jews
- Many countries began to raise the barriers for Jewish immigration
- Even Palestine could receive only a certain amount
- Many countries began to raise the barriers for Jewish immigration
- Naiz policies were contradictory and stripped Jews of their wealth whilst encouraging emigration
- Many Jews sought safe refuge after Reichskristallnacht
- 9000 Jewish children were sent to Britain 1938-39
- 1933 - 37,000 Jews left Germany
- Controlled emigration
- Controlling emigration was a key Nazi policy
- After Anschluss Reinhard Heydrich used Austria as a laboratory for developing ** policy
- The Central Office for Jewish Emigration was set up
- 45,000 of Austria's 180,000 Jews were forced to emigrate
- The illegal seizure of their property funded the emigration of poorer Jews
- Jan 1939 Heydrich took charge of the Reich Office for Jewish Emigration
- The SD began to amalgamate all Jewish organisations into one 'Reich association of the Jews in Germany'
- The Jews had to deal with organisation themselves
- Voluntary emigration was the first way a Jew-free Germany was achieved
- The Effect of the Anschluss with Austria March 1938
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