19. The End of History? 1989 and the Global Cold War
- Created by: xmeganbakerx
- Created on: 28-04-21 09:58
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- 19. The End of History? 1989 and the Global Cold War
- End of History?
- In 1989 Francis Fukuyama argued that we were experiencing the 'end of history' due to the victory of Western liberal democracy.
- Defeat of communism has led to 'end of history'
- A big shift in the world pre- and post-1989
- A Western-centric viewpoint?
- Doesn't take into account communist states or even non-communist states to which liberal democracy cannot be applied.
- Latin America
- Wave of democratisation and collapse of military rule
- Peru (1980)
- Bolivia and Argentina (1982)
- Uruguay (1984)
- Brazil (1985)
- Chile (1988)
- Democracy or globalisation / economic crisis?
- Communism continued in Cuba but withdrawal of Soviet aid led to 'special period' of economic hardship.
- 1988 Chilean plebiscite, to determine whether Pinochet should extend rule for another 8 years through to 1996.
- Wave of democratisation and collapse of military rule
- China
- Collapse of communism in China seen as 'revolution that failed to happen'.
- Largely as a result of extensive media coverage of Tiananmen Square protests.
- Were the Tiananmen Square protests part of the same process that led to collapse of communism in Europe?
- Very different political and economic context to Chinese protests.
- Very different outcomes to Chinese protests.
- Collapse of communism in China seen as 'revolution that failed to happen'.
- Africa
- End of Cold War conflict in SW. Africa.
- Cuban troops, ongoing CIA funding for counterrevolutionary guerrilla war in Angola in 1980s.
- US-backed S. African invasions of Namibia and Angola.
- US and Soviet cooperation to end South African-Angolan conflict in 1988, and withdrawal of Cubans from Angola.
- 'The high point in dismantling Cold War conflict in the Third World' - Odd Arne Westad.
- Symbolism of 'tank man' and the 'Goddess of Democracy' statue.
- Europe
- Solidarity in Poland in 1980, declaration of martial law.
- Gorbachev - Perestroika and Glasnost.
- Replacement of General Secretary of CPSU in Hungary and beginning democratic reforms.
- Gorbachev's speech to UN announcing unilateral troop withdrawals from E. Europe.
- Hungary opens up border with Austria.
- Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989.
- Dissolution of USSR.
- Slovenia declares independence in 1991.
- Execution of Ceaucescu in Romania and election of Vaclav Havel in first open Czechoslovak elections, 1989.
- Asia and the Middle East
- 1979 - Iranian Revolution and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Rise of political Islam.
- Iran-Iraq War 1980-88. The first post-Cold War war?
- Asian economic growth - Japan and 'tiger economies' models for China.
- Communist political systems survived in Vietnam and N. Korea, as well as China.
- End of History?
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