A-Level Geography - Physical - UK Coastal Environment

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  • Created by: Noah_S
  • Created on: 13-11-21 13:07
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  • UK Coast - The Holderness Coast
    • Current Management
      • Hard Engineering
        • 11.4km of the 61km coastline is protected by hard engineering
        • Bridlington is protected by a 4.7km sea wall as well as timber groynes
        • Two rock groynes and a 500m revetment were built in 1991 at Mappleton, protecting the village and the B1242
        • Easington Gas Terminal is protected by a revetment
        • There are groynes and a sea wall at Withernsea along with riprap built in 1992
      • Reasons
        • Coastline has retreated by 4km in 2000 years, losing 30 villages and currently Skipsea is at risk
        • 80,000m^2 of good quality farmland is lost each year
        • The gas terminal at Easington is only 25m from the cliff edge
        • Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), like the Lagoons near Easington, need to be protected
    • Management Challenges
      • Side Effects
        • Groynes starve beaches further down the coastline, leading to an increase in erosion
          • The Mappleton scheme has caused an increase of 3x the usual rate of erosion at Cowden Farm, putting it out of business
          • Land lost is not insured, 'Act of God'
        • Reduction of sediment reaching the Humber Estuary due to hard engineering
          • Increased risk of flooding along the Humber Estuary
          • Increased erosion along the Lincolnshire coast
      • Management Plans
        • SMP for Holderness for the next 50 years recommends holding the line at some places, and do nothing at others
          • Unpopular with owners of land at stretches of doing nothing
        • Protection of Spurn Head was stopped in 1995 from erosion and overwashing
          • Saves money and allows natural processes, but may damage marsh environments due to overwashing
    • Coastal Features
      • Coastal Processes
        • Erosion
          • Made up of soft boulder clay, which easily erodes
          • Long fetch as the prevailing winds come from the north, creating destructive waves
          • Great Cowden experiences >10 m/year in erosion
        • Mass Movement
          • Boulder clay is prone to slumping when it's wet
          • Water can be trapped by the clay, acting as a lubricant and makes it heavy
        • Transportation
          • LSD transports sediment southwards
          • Rapid erosion means plenty of sediment
        • Deposition
          • Sediment deposited at the Humber River, forming a spit
          • Ocean currents become turbulent leading to deposition
      • Coastal Landscapes
        • Headland
          • Flamborough Head is made out of chalk, harder to erode
          • Features Caves, Arches and Stacks at the headland
          • Wave-cut platforms are formed near Sewerby
        • Slumping cliffs
          • Frequent slumps give cliffs a tiered shape with platforms at different heights
          • Seem around Atwick Sands
        • Beaches
          • South of Flamborough Head is sheltered, reducing the energy in the region
          • Causes sediment to be deposited, forming beaches near Bridlington
        • Spit
          • LSD has created Spurn Head, a spit with a recurved end at the Humber Estuary
          • The landward side contains estuarine mudflats and saltmarshes

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