A-Level Geography - Physical - UK Coastal Environment
- Created by: Noah_S
- Created on: 13-11-21 13:07
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- UK Coast - The Holderness Coast
- Current Management
- Hard Engineering
- 11.4km of the 61km coastline is protected by hard engineering
- Bridlington is protected by a 4.7km sea wall as well as timber groynes
- Two rock groynes and a 500m revetment were built in 1991 at Mappleton, protecting the village and the B1242
- Easington Gas Terminal is protected by a revetment
- There are groynes and a sea wall at Withernsea along with riprap built in 1992
- Reasons
- Coastline has retreated by 4km in 2000 years, losing 30 villages and currently Skipsea is at risk
- 80,000m^2 of good quality farmland is lost each year
- The gas terminal at Easington is only 25m from the cliff edge
- Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), like the Lagoons near Easington, need to be protected
- Hard Engineering
- Management Challenges
- Side Effects
- Groynes starve beaches further down the coastline, leading to an increase in erosion
- The Mappleton scheme has caused an increase of 3x the usual rate of erosion at Cowden Farm, putting it out of business
- Land lost is not insured, 'Act of God'
- Reduction of sediment reaching the Humber Estuary due to hard engineering
- Increased risk of flooding along the Humber Estuary
- Increased erosion along the Lincolnshire coast
- Groynes starve beaches further down the coastline, leading to an increase in erosion
- Management Plans
- SMP for Holderness for the next 50 years recommends holding the line at some places, and do nothing at others
- Unpopular with owners of land at stretches of doing nothing
- Protection of Spurn Head was stopped in 1995 from erosion and overwashing
- Saves money and allows natural processes, but may damage marsh environments due to overwashing
- SMP for Holderness for the next 50 years recommends holding the line at some places, and do nothing at others
- Side Effects
- Coastal Features
- Coastal Processes
- Erosion
- Made up of soft boulder clay, which easily erodes
- Long fetch as the prevailing winds come from the north, creating destructive waves
- Great Cowden experiences >10 m/year in erosion
- Mass Movement
- Boulder clay is prone to slumping when it's wet
- Water can be trapped by the clay, acting as a lubricant and makes it heavy
- Transportation
- LSD transports sediment southwards
- Rapid erosion means plenty of sediment
- Deposition
- Sediment deposited at the Humber River, forming a spit
- Ocean currents become turbulent leading to deposition
- Erosion
- Coastal Landscapes
- Headland
- Flamborough Head is made out of chalk, harder to erode
- Features Caves, Arches and Stacks at the headland
- Wave-cut platforms are formed near Sewerby
- Slumping cliffs
- Frequent slumps give cliffs a tiered shape with platforms at different heights
- Seem around Atwick Sands
- Beaches
- South of Flamborough Head is sheltered, reducing the energy in the region
- Causes sediment to be deposited, forming beaches near Bridlington
- Spit
- LSD has created Spurn Head, a spit with a recurved end at the Humber Estuary
- The landward side contains estuarine mudflats and saltmarshes
- Headland
- Coastal Processes
- Current Management
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