ALEXANDER II
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- Created on: 22-04-19 18:44
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- TSAR ALEXANDER II
- Emancipation
- 1861. Serfs legally free to marry, vote, leave land. Land allocated. However, land received was smaller than previously.
- However, restrictions still remained, redemption payments, internal passports, Mir still controlled their lives, and nobles got best land.
- Had to pay for land over 49 years. Communes used backward agricultural methods such as the 'solcha' or wooden plough.
- Nobles lost land, serfs, free labour, status and control. Many sold their land for profit. Many moved to cities and towns.
- Reasons? - The moral case. Risk of revolt. The Crimean War. Economic reasons.
- Consequences? -
- Reforms
- Judicial - 1864-65
- Local Govt. - 1864
- Education - early 1860s
- Military - 1861-81
- Censorship - 1865
- Economic
- Censorship laws formalising relaxation of censorship. Newspapers, books, periodicals didn't have to be submitted for prior censorship. Newspapers could report government policy and jury trials.
- Poor showing in Crimean War. Recognised Russia would need to modernise and be able to defend itself.
- 1860s - army took up 1/3 of government's income.
- Conscription 25 years. Burden. Poor training, military officers all nobles. Harsh discipline.
- Admin of army was reorganised.Military colleges.
- Attempts to increase artillery, break down class privilege. Smaller more professional army. However army still reliant on peasant conscripts.
- Censorship - 1865
- Majority of population were illiterate and uneducated.
- First decade of his reign, number of pupils roughly doubled. New all-class inclusive primary schools built.
- 1856-1878 no. of primary schools increased 8,000 to 25,000
- Curriculum extended, more modern. Universities more freedom of choice.
- First decade of his reign, number of pupils roughly doubled. New all-class inclusive primary schools built.
- Military - 1861-81
- Zemstva to run aspects of local govt, roads, health, schools. Appointed professionals, teachers, doctors. Extended to take in town councils.
- Challenged authority of central govt. Uneasy relationship developed.
- Education - early 1860s
- Local Govt. - 1864
- Judicial - 1864-65
- Opposition
- The Black Partition, Land and LIberty, The People's Will
- Assassinated in 1881 by the People's Will
- Return of more classical subjects. Revolutionary views led to expulsion.
- Some reforms did continue. Local govt. etended 1870. MIlitary continued. Women to universities.
- Return of more classical subjects. Revolutionary views led to expulsion.
- He became reactionary in 1866 after an assassination attempt. Reforms hadn't led to contentment but disruption and increasing demands.
- Nihilists, Narodniks/ Populists, Active women. 1873: Narodnik 'going to the people'. 1879, other groups took shape.
- Populists. Inspired by Peter Lavrov. Believed in agrarian socialism. Wanted equality for peasants. Dressed up like them.
- Polish Revolt of 1863. Liberal ministers lost influence in govt. Shuvalov made head of the Third Section. Brought in tighter controls.
- Emancipation deceived peasants? Old serfdom replaced by new serfdom. Students became liberal and radical. Growing intelligentsia. Books, Chernyshevsky.
- Zemstva
- Elected district and provincial (local) councils. 1864 - Local govt. reform.
- Measure of self-govt. at a local level. Elected by nobles, town dwellers, peasants. Electoral system favoured the nobility.
- Only introduced into provinces where Russians formed the ruling elites. The councils had responsibility for health, education, maintenance.
- Brought improvement to areas in which they operated. Roads, health facilities, schools.
- Restrictions placed on taxation. Dominated by nobility. Peasants not included.
- Economic growth
- Finance Ministers
- Mikhail von Reutern 1862-1878
- Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway. By the end of his reign, railways were 15 times longer.
- Hindrance -
- Finance Ministers
- Emancipation
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