ATTACHMENT

Created by: venusaderele
Created on: 14-04-18 08:46

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ATTACHMENT
- Caregiver-infant interactions in humans
  - reciprocity
    - Jaffe et al
      - conversation
    - Serrano et al
      - smiling
    - elict
  - interactional synchrony
    - Meltzoff + Moore
      - 1/3
      - AO3
        fine detail
      - 2- 3 weeks
    - direct response
- Stages of attachment identified by Schaffer
  - pre
  - asocial
  - indiscriminate
  - mutliple
  - specific
  - Schaffer + Emerson
    - 30%
    - 10 months vs 18 months
    - 60 infants
    - 1st 18 months
    - own homes
- Multiple attachments
  - 30%
- the role of the father
  - outdated sexist view
  - Maccallum + Golombok
    - children w/o not different
  - Field
    - PCG fathers
  - Grossman
    - adolescent
- Animal studies of attachment
  - Lorenz
    - Greylag geese
    - AO3
      - diffeent attahcment systems
      - extrapolation
    - incubator vs mother
    - sexual imprinting
  - Harlow
    - Rhesus monkeys
    - AO3
      - theoretical value
      - ethical issues
    - maternally deprived
    - contact comfort > feeding
    - two wire mtoehrs
- Explanations of attachment
  - learning theory
    - classical conditioning
      - food is UCS/ mother is CS
    - social learning theory
      - siblings being rewarded for behaviours
    - AO3
      - counter evidence
        human resrearch
        
        animal research
      - simplistic
      - plausible
  - Bowlby’s monotropic theory
    - critical period
      - approx 2 yrs
    - internal working model
      - continuity hypothesis
    - sensitive period
    - social releasers
    - survival
- Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’
  - Types of attachment
    - secure
      - moderate anxiety
      - willing to explore
      - joy upon reunion
    - insecure-avoidant
      - little response upon reunion
      - low stranger/ seperation anxiety
    - insecure-resistant
      - high stranger/ separation anxiety
      - low willingness
    - due to responsiveness of PCG
    - Kagan: temperament
  - original
    - 100 m/c American infants + mothers
    - found different types
      - Types of attachment
        secure
        moderate anxiety
        
        willing to explore
        
        joy upon reunion
        
        insecure-avoidant
        little response upon reunion
        
        low stranger/ seperation anxiety
        
        insecure-resistant
        high stranger/ separation anxiety
        
        low willingness
        
        due to responsiveness of PCG
        
        Kagan: temperament
    - 7, 3 minute episodes
    - AO3
      - controlled observation
      - culturally relative
      - crude
  - tested anxiety + exploration
- Cultural variations in attachment
  - Van Ijzendoorn
    - Germany
    - Israel and Japan
    - China vs GB
    - 1.5 X
    - AO3
      - large sample
      - method
    - best
  - Grossman et al
    - Germany
      - independence > indifference
- Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation
  - 14/ 44
    - 12/14
  - interviewed families + individuals
  - affectionless psychopathy
  - delinquency
  - irreversible
  - AO3
    - WHO
    - confused
    - overemphasis
- Romanian orphan studies: effects of institutionalisation
  - Rutter: ERA
    - adopted by British fmailies
    - AO3
      - field experiments lack control
        Zeanah
        random assignment
      - real world
      - longitudinal
    - mental retardation
  - Krepper
    - pretend play
  - Zeanah
    - disorganised attachment
- The influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships
  - the role of an internal working model
  - Hazan + Shaver
    - love quiz
    - secure
  - Wilson + Smith
    - bullying
    - 7-11 yrs
    - different types
  - AO3
    - Zimmerman
      - doesnt support
    - 'set'

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ATTACHMENT

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