Attachment Summary Mindmap
- Created by: scrimblop
- Created on: 07-11-22 09:30
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- Attachment
- Caregiver - Infant Interactions
- AO3
- Melzoff & Moore (1997). Recordings of 12-21 day infants responding to an experimenter were rated.
- Ratings showed infants imitating gestures like sticking toungue out.
- Internal Validity: Imitation.
- Ratings showed infants imitating gestures like sticking toungue out.
- Modern studies use multiple observers providing inter-rater reliability and a system of video cameras to document actions.
- Scientific Objectivity.
- Melzoff & Moore (1997). Recordings of 12-21 day infants responding to an experimenter were rated.
- Inferences on internal mental states must be made as Infants can't communicate thoughts.
- Unscientific, open to observer bias.
- Social Sensitivity
- Inferences on internal mental states must be made as Infants can't communicate thoughts.
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- Two way communication between an infant and their caregiver.
- Interactional Synchrony: Responding at the same time.
- Reciprocity: The infaant and caregiver taking it in turns to respond to each other
- Sensitive Respondiveness: Adult responding accordingly to infant e.g. Crying = Food.
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- Animal Studies
- Lorenz
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- Imprinting: When an animal strongly ataches to the first object they see.
- Half of Geese eggs hatched by Lorenz using an incubator. Half of eggs hatched by mother. Goslings hatched by Lorenz followed him, eggs hatched by mother followed goose. When goslings put together, Lorenz' goslings continued to follow him
- Imprinting is a strong biological and evolutionary of attachment in birds, imprinting is with first large moving object.
- Critical Period: 32 hours. If gosling didn't see a large moving object, gosling did not imprint at all.
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- Influenced later researchers such as Bowlby in the idea of a critical period and Internal Working Model in humans.
- Geese are different to humans, Harlow's monkeys may be closer to human psychology.
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- Harlow
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- Tested "Cupboard love", babies love mothers because of food. Contact Comfort suggests babies have a need for physicsl contact: basis of attachment
- 16 monkeys, removed from biological mothers, placed in cages with surrogate mothers. Wire mother provided milk, cloth mother provided comfort.
- Monkeys with cloth mothers always prefered its company, even if wire mother provided food. Monkeys with cloth mother showed confidence in novel situations and returning to it when frightened. Monkeys with no cloth mother showed stress related illness.
- Infants have a biological need for physical contact, will attach to whoever provides comfort.
- Monkeys with cloth mothers always prefered its company, even if wire mother provided food. Monkeys with cloth mother showed confidence in novel situations and returning to it when frightened. Monkeys with no cloth mother showed stress related illness.
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- Applied to early childcare, contact between mother and babies in first few hours after birth. Social Service investigating cases of child neglect, benifits to millions of human infants may justify study from cost benifit analysis.
- Ethical concerns. Led to a negative view of psychology.
- Generalising to human attachments is problematic, may share similaar genetics but significant differences in biology and social environments.
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- Lorenz
- Explanations of attachment
- Learning Theory
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- Dolland and Miller: Cupboard Love Theory: Children become attached to caregiver because they give food. Learning Theory: Behaviour including attachment can be explained by conditional and operant conditioning.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association.
- Operant Conditioning: Learning thorugh Consequences
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- Learning Theories are supported by significant amoubnt of well-controlled research. Face Validity = "makes sense"
- Environmentally reductionist: explains interactions and emotions in simple processes like patterns of reinforcement
- Contradictory research: Harlow's Monkeys and Bowlby's Monotropic Theory
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- Bowlby's monotropic theory
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- Evolution: Infants have an innate attachment to survive, babies withh stay close to carer for safety: Monotrophy.
- Critical and Sensitive Period: The time in which an attachment must form. 2/3 years for humans.
- Internal Working Model: attachment to PA provides blueprint for future relationships in adulthood.
- Social Releasers: Babies using signals like crying or cooing for attention.
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- Based on Lorenz. Imprinting demonstates strength of attentment to single caregiver, explained evolutionally.
- Leads to continuity hypothesis, Adult relationships predicted by infant's attachment due to the development of internal working model
- Alpha Bias: May be exagerating differences between father and mother, Suggests father's role is resourse production.
- Low Temporal Validity, more men stay home now and more women go to work after giving birth.
- Based of Lorenz's geese, animal studies lacks generalisation to humans.
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- Learning Theory
- Ainsworth's Stange Situation
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- Ainsworth suggested that behavu=iours indicate attachment strenght. Proximity to mother, Exploration / Safe Base, Stranger anxiety, seperation anxiety, reunion repsonse and sensitive respondiveness of mother to infants needs.
- Insecure AvoidantL Distanced from mother, not using her as secure base yet still exploring, low stranger and seperation anxiety, little comfort upon return, little senstitive respondiveness from mother.
- Secure: Uses mother as safe base and explores, high stranger and low seperation anxiety. happy renion response. Caregiver show SR.
- Insecure Resistant: Won't explore, inconsistant in wanting distance or closeness from mum, high seperation and stranger anxiety. Mother inconsistant in SR.
- Infants 12-18 months and mothers. Structured observation in controlled lab, Infants response to stranger and mothers' actions.
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- High controll, standardised procedure for replication.
- Standard diagnostic tool to assess caregiver infant relationships. Real Life Application.
- Culture Bias, varies from culture to culture.
- May not represent infant's home behaviour, doesn't consider realtionships with others.
- Cultural Variations
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- Van Ijendoorn: Meta Analysis, 2000 infants, 32 studies, 8 countries. Secure most common type. Avoidant more common in western cultures, Resistant common in non-western cultures. E.g. Japan 27% Resistant, Germany 35% Avoidant.
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- Large sample, population validity.
- Most common was secure, supports Bowlby's theory that there is a biological instinctive drive in a way that produces secure attachments.
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- Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation
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- Monotrophy: Attachment bond between infant and mother, needed. Without = Maternal Deprivation
- Critical Period: Humans around 30 months, if not formed, negative impacts on intellegence and emotions, high chance of delinquency.
- Affectionless psychopathy: unable to show empathy, Low I due to delayed intellectual development and lower cognitive abilities.
- Continuity Hypothesis: lack of internal working model, unsucessful childhood, adult relationships and issues with parenting.
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- Bowlby interviewed 44 older children accused of theft and a control group of emotionally disturbed non-theives. Affectionless Empathy assessed, parents contacted identified periods of seperation from mothers.
- Found 14/44 matched criteria for affectionless psychopathy but 0/44 on control group. 12/14 affectionless psychopaths experienced prolonged seperation compared to 2 of the control group. Affectionless Psychopathy links to maternal Maternal Deperivation.
- Led to changes to child welfare polocies of institutions, such as visiting time for mothers in hospitals. Real Life Application.
- Bowlby interviewed 44 older children accused of theft and a control group of emotionally disturbed non-theives. Affectionless Empathy assessed, parents contacted identified periods of seperation from mothers.
- Correlational, third factors may be a reason such as poverty, family history or poor mental health.
- Romanian Orphanages
- Effects of Institutionalisation
- Hostels, orphanages, hospitals. Extended stays can lead to loss of personal identity, deindividualisation, affectionless psychopathy.
- Deprivation is loss or damage to an attachment. Privation is lack of development of an attachment.
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- Rutter, Longitudinal Study of 165 Romanian Orphans adopted to UK families. Adopted under 6 months, 6-24 months, overr 24 months. Assessed at 4, 6, 11, and 15 years.
- 6: If adopted after 6 months showed disembodied attachment, overly friendly behaviour to strange adults.
- 11: If adopted after 6 months showed delayed intellectual development. Average IQ if adopted after 24 months was 77, cases of quasi-autism, problems understanding social context.
- Suggests adoption within 6 months prevents effects of privation. Recovery suggests sensitive not critical period.
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- Real Life Application: changed policies around adoption and care in orphanages.
- Goldfarb showed early fostering in British children led to higher IQ and social skills.
- Infants not randomly assigned to when adopted, more sociable infants may have been picked first.
- Effects of Institutionalisation
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- Early Attachment
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- Internal Working Model: attachment with Pa sets blueprint for expectations for future relationships in later life.
- Hazen and Shaver suggetss adult relationship types are a continuation of AInsworth's infant types.
- Children with secure attachment will be more socially capable in childhood relationships.
- Main et al: Developed adult attachment interview to identify IWM, Dismissing, Autonomous, Preoccupied and Unresolved. Predict relationship with own children.
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- Verissimo et al showed strong attachment to father predicts high ability to make friends in school. Supporting research.
- McCarthy showed adult women assessed with secure attachments had stable adult relationships.
- Real Life Application in schools, altering IWM to adress issues like lonely childhoods. Helps children achieve stability in adulthood.
- Kagan suggests alternate temperment hypothesis. Infants have innate biological personality to be passive or challenging. Contradictory theory.
- Continuity hypothesis is deterministic, could make people feel doomed to poor relationships: social sensitivity.
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- Stages of Attachment: Schaffer.
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- Longitudinal Study
- Asocial Stage 0-6 weeks. Respond to objects similar to humans
- Indiscriminate: 6 weeks - 7 months: Handled by stangers with no stress, discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar adults. No Seperation or stranger anxiety.
- Specific) 7+ months: Seperation and stranger anxiety. Preference towards primary caregiver.
- Multiple Attachment Stage: 9+ Months: Attachment to multiple individuals. less fear of strangers.
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- Schaffer and Emerson Glasgow study.
- 60 babies, data colllected for 1 year, follow up at 18 months. Showed stanger distress and Seperation anxiety. 18 months: most had multiple attachments, but strongest bond with mother.
- Internal Validity.
- 60 babies, data colllected for 1 year, follow up at 18 months. Showed stanger distress and Seperation anxiety. 18 months: most had multiple attachments, but strongest bond with mother.
- High levels of Mundane Realism, families visited in own home.
- Ecological Validity
- Schaffer and Emerson Glasgow study.
- Lack of cultural and temporal Validity. Childcare varies thorugh cultures: Van Ijzendoorn
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- Role of the Father
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- Shaffer: 65% PA was mum, 30% mum & other person, 3% dad only.
- Changing Cultural Roles: modern western society, roles of mothers and fathers have changed. Mothers become more likely to work while fathers take on role of moher, which could change attachment patterns of infants
- Importance of Play: Fathers often seen to engage babies 'play' more than mothers. Father interactions emphasise stimulation and encouraging risk taking behaviours, compared to comfort of mothers.
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- Verissimo et al: Observations of preschool children's relationships with fathers and mothers assessed, compared with assessment of social interactions at nursery. Strong attachment to father predicts high ability to make friends in school.
- Internal Validity
- Findings that men can effectively take on a maternal role (sensitive respondiveness) coulkd provide confidence to fathers taking on the role of a primary caregiver and single gender families that are more common in modern society
- Verissimo et al: Observations of preschool children's relationships with fathers and mothers assessed, compared with assessment of social interactions at nursery. Strong attachment to father predicts high ability to make friends in school.
- Social Sensitivity; some women may find that their life choices are criticised in this area, such as mothers who decide to return to work. Or men decide to take on PA may feel they aren't biologically cabable of providing maternal characteristics as a woman.
- AO1
- Caregiver - Infant Interactions
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