Causes of water insecurity

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  • Causes of Water Insecurity
    • Physical
      • climate - regions with high and low rainfall, climate change alters weather patterns and increases the differences
        • Rajasthan, India experienced a reduction in aquifer recharge due to changes in evaporation and precipitation rates
      • salt water encroachment - processes where groundwater near coast is contaminated with saltwater
        • sea level rise, coastal erosion and local abstraction of groundwater increase the risk of saltwater intrusion
          • Tuvalu - highest point is 3m above sea level, groundwater is contaminated, entered the soil and ruined the crops
    • Human Causes
      • 20% of all aquifers are being over-abstracted - Rajasthan, India - Coca Cola bottling factories have abstracted so quickly that the water table dropped 15 meters in 10 years
        • local farmers in search of water were drilling holes as well as their own wells - ran dry and led to protests
      • Agricultural water contamination - e.g fertilisers and pesticides can be washed away by rainwater - can be too contaminated for human consumption
        • agriculture is the largest use of water - 70% of global water for agriculture or 90% in developing countries
      • Industrial water pollution - lack of regulation from waste entering rivers and water, mining causes metal e.g mercury into water, untreated sewage leads to bacteria being consumed by those using the water

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