Conditioning

Created by: Anj_
Created on: 14-05-15 12:19

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Classical Cond...
- IVAN PAVOLV (1904)
  - unconditioned stimulus that will lead to an automatic response - cannot be trained
    - food, sex, pain
  - neutral stimulus that doesn't lead to instinctive reaction
    - bell, musical note
  - Timing between CS (bell) and UCS (food) is crucial for learning
    - Joint processing is needed to form associations - get food while bell still rings
  - UCR and CR must be equal by the end
  - Research used to explain phobias
    - The Case of Little Albert
      - Phase 1 (before): UCS = loud noise UCR = crying
        Phase 2 (during): CS=pet rat CS+UCS = UCR
        Phase 3 (After): CS leads to CR
    - Stimulus generalisation- responding to stimulus similar but distinct from CS in the same way
      - Little Albert: pet rabbit, cotton wool, men's beards, santa
- extinction of conditioned response - If after conditioning, CS is presented alone, CR gradually diminishes
- Research used to explain phobias
  - The Case of Little Albert
    - Phase 1 (before): UCS = loud noise UCR = crying
      - Phase 2 (during): CS=pet rat CS+UCS = UCR
        Phase 3 (After): CS leads to CR
  - Stimulus generalisation- responding to stimulus similar but distinct from CS in the same way
    - Little Albert: pet rabbit, cotton wool, men's beards, santa
- 'Classical conditioning curve' - how the ability to respond to stimuli increases
  - process of learning
- habituation - unlearning the association between feared stimulus and aversive response
Operent Cond...
- A process to modify behaviour through reinforcement
  - Learning through consequence
- THORNDIKE: Laws of Effect
  - Positive Law of Effect - if a response is followed by a positive consequence more likely to happen again
  - Negative Law of Effect - if a response is followed by a negative response, less likely to happen again
  - Response is followed by 'a reinforcer' or 'a punisher'
- B.F. SKINNER (1948)
  - Presented food every 12 seconds to hungry pigeons
  - Food was timed and delivered independent of behaviour
  - Pigeons developed stereotypical behaviour between food deliveries
    - Pigeons thought their behaviour caused food to appear
      - Food was timed and delivered independent of behaviour
- AYLLON & MICHAEL (1959)
  - Improves behavioural symptoms in schizophrenic patients
  - 'Token Economies' - good behaviour rewarded with tokens which could be exchanged for cigarettes or food

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Conditioning

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