Contemporary Urbanisation

Created by: Labake
Created on: 14-04-15 12:05

View mindmap

Contemporary Urbanisation Processes
- Urbanisation
  - Increase in percentage of country living in towns and cities
  - Urbanisation level = the current % of people in a country living in towns and cities
  - Urbanisation rate= the speed at which a country is urbanising
  - Causes of urbanisation
    - Rural to urban migration
      - Characteristics= initially short term, small town first the larger city, young adults
      - Rural to urban migration in Mumbai
        Causes
        Social
        Migrants for natural disasters move to city after losing homes
        
        Better medical and healthcare- lower infant mortality
        
        Escaping rigid caste system in rural areas of India and arranged marriages
        
        Environmental
        Large pop. growth in rural areas put pressure on environ. (overcropping and overgrazing)
        
        Economic
        Wages in Mumbai 6 times higher than in rural areas
        
        Mumbai attracts foreign investment
        
        Land fragmentation makes rural living more difficult
        
        Mechanisation of agriculture putting rural farmers out of business
        
        Effects
        Social
        Lack of sanitation- 600 people to 1 toilet in Dharavi
        
        Easy spread of disease- 4000 cases of typhoid diagnosed a day
        
        High crime rates
        
        Economic
        Informal- no tax- jobs earning 20p to £30 a month
        Council has no tax money for improvement of Dharavi
        
        Small industry businesses e.g. charcoal makers- illegal renting
        
        Council has no tax money for improvement of Dharavi
        
        Environmental
        Contamination of River Mithi with chemical/ animal waste
        
        Increased road traffic- 60% of Mumbai have breathing problems
    - Natural Increase
      - Countryside migrants = large families + no contraception
    - Longevity
      - Better medical care, diets, leisure and higher life expectancies
  - Management
    - Availability of work, water, sanitation and shelter
      - Economic
        Slum tours and soft loans from NGO's
        Unpredictable tourism e.g. conflict
      - Environmental
        Buffer ecozone around 20m of River Mithi
        Need to remove present waste first
      - Social
        Government resettlement into housing- better facilities
        Affordability- location from work?
    - Hazards, toxic waste and water, air and noise pollution
      - Social
        Public transport provision
        Affordibility and no council money to provide
      - Environmental
        Clearance and removal of slums
        Abandoned displaced people
- Sub-urbanisation
  - Movement of population, employment and services from inner city to outskirts of town
    - Physical expansion of towns and cities
    - Swallows up surrounding villages
  - Causes
    - Better quality of life- less pollution, congestion, crime and better schools
    - Car ownership and transport improvements
    - Council and Private suburban estates, easier mortgage access and cheap build materials
    - Industry in suburban estates
  - Example
    - Bolton: Middlebrook on urban fringe
      - Retail, cinema, football
      - Newly developed housing
        More expensive housing
      - Increased levels of traffic and management of rail link
      - Hard and soft engineering as less interception and infiltration
        Management by channeling river
  - Effects on Middlebrook
    - New jobs and facilities
    - Easier commuting
    - Increases in trade and economy
    - Visual, air and noise pollution
    - Increase in council taxes
  - Effects on Inner Bolton city centre
    - Decrease in customers and increase in un-employment
    - Social segregation- marginalised poorer population
    - Multiple deprivation in Crompton- failing schools as a result
- Counter-urbanisation
  - Movement of population from large cities to smaller towns
  - Jumping over greenbelt area
  - Characteristics
    - Middle class families-(or retired) -expensive housing- safer environment
    - Young people recruited by high tech companies in rural science parks
    - Ecotowns- companies in rural areas- staff follow and move- planning controls lifted by gov
  - Examples
    - Parbold
      - Wealthy- West Lancashire
      - Young people leaving for education and employment
      - Decline of village born locals- death
      - In migration of young rich families
        Quiet, relaxed, safer, attractive, property will increase in value
        
        More trade, more jobs, maintain demand for services, more tax collection
    - Buckshaw Village
      - West Lancashire, growing from 4000, self sufficient
      - Built on brownfield site
      - Public transport for sustainalbility
      - No social exclusion- mixed price housing
- Re-urbanisation
  - Movement of people and investment BACK into towns and cities
  - Gentrification
    - Individually led urban development e.g. Brick Lane 1980s
      - Taking advantage of cheap low income housing
        Bad social effects on initial residents- driven out by high resource and house prices
      - Refusal to live in high price CBD or family suburban area far from CBD
        Can reach work, leisure, retail and culture and have city lifestyle
  - Regeneration
    - Poor areas after de-industrialisation
      - Public and private investment to improve environment
        Attracted investment form property, finance, leisure and retail
        London Docklands inner city east end
  - Student-ification
    - City centre universities attract students e.g. UCL then find local work in city
  - Immigration
    - 1995-2005 brought 5 million people to inner cities and high birth rates (cultural beliefs)
  - Effects of Re-urbanisation in London
    - Property Led regeneration, in Docklands
      - £7 billion is private investment + new employment
      - Light railway build for faster travel to London city
      - No jobs for poorer unemployed in Docklands- less skills
      - Refurbish old dirty buildings and new usage
    - Gentrification in Brick Lane-
      - Individual led renova.- local council= street furniture and recreation areas
      - New businesses + more taxes to local council fo area imporvement
      - Demand for lower paid house jobs e.g. painters, builders
      - Lower income can't afford services- initial busi. priced out
      - Skills mismatch for new jobs - unemployment still high
  - Planning and management issues
    - Regeneration
      - London Docklands Development corp. 1980's
      - Quangos bypass plan restr. Cnary Wharf £7billion invest.
      - Skills mismatch = IT training and affordable housing
      - Light railway and Olympics afford. housing changed from 75% to 35%
    - Gentrification
      - Gentrification in Brick Lane-
        Individual led renova.- local council= street furniture and recreation areas
        
        New businesses + more taxes to local council fo area imporvement
        
        Demand for lower paid house jobs e.g. painters, builders
        
        Lower income can't afford services- initial busi. priced out
        
        Skills mismatch for new jobs - unemployment still high

Get Revising

Contemporary Urbanisation

Comments

Similar Geography resources: