Blood
- Created by: Labake
- Created on: 02-01-17 10:12
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- Blood
- Key Blood Proteins in plasma
- Albumin
- MOST ABUNDANT: 35-55g/L
- Drugs become active when bound to albumin
- Bind for transport of low molecular weight and lipophilic molecules
- Has ionisable groups to buffer the pH of blood
- Important of colloid osmotic pressure of blood as can't leave cells so pushed water out of cells
- Fibrinogen
- 1.5-4g/L
- Clot material- fine insoluble mesh
- Trace amounts of Haemoglobin
- Globulin (transferin, immunoglobins, clotting factors, hormones and clotting factors)
- For transport, enzymes (clootting facytors like thrombin), haematocrits (erythropoeitin) and immuno-function
- Haematocrits
- Fraction of blood with 45% erythrocytes
- + Plasma + Serum= BLOOD
- Serum= remaining fluid without proteins
- Haematocrits
- For transport, enzymes (clootting facytors like thrombin), haematocrits (erythropoeitin) and immuno-function
- Troponin- ONLY if cardiac tissure damage occured
- Albumin
- Types of blood cells
- Erythrocytes
- No nucleus
- For O2 (using haemoglobin) and CO2 (using carbonic anhydrase) transport
- Haemoglobin= 35g/100ml in cells and less 15g/100ml in blood
- Increases viscosity of blood
- Haemoglobin= 35g/100ml in cells and less 15g/100ml in blood
- Thrombocytes
- No nucleus
- For Haemostasis
- Preventing blood loss after blood vessel damage
- Other responses to blood loss
- Vasoconstriction
- Blood coagulation: prothrombin activators
- Activates prothrombin to convert to thrombin
- Thrombin polymerises Fibrinogen to Fibrin
- Fast extrinsic pathway initiates this
- Intrinsic response sustains this using positive feedback
- Thrombin production leads to more thrombin production
- Intrinsic response sustains this using positive feedback
- Activates prothrombin to convert to thrombin
- Formation of fibrous collagen tissue
- Platelet plug - adhesion of platelets to exposed tissue
- Platelets activated to stick to collagen and synthesis THROMBOXANE A2
- Then contraction actin and myosin compacts clot
- Platelets activated to stick to collagen and synthesis THROMBOXANE A2
- Erythrocytes
- Anaemia
- Reduced O2 carrying capacity due to LOW Haemoglobin conc.
- When Haemoglobin count below 40%
- Treatment depends on cause
- Diet, metabolic deficiency, bone marrow aplasia (destrustion), blood loss, kidney disease (no erythropoeitin)
- Fragile erythrocytes from e.g. genetic sickle cell, spherocytosis or thalassemia
- Diet, metabolic deficiency, bone marrow aplasia (destrustion), blood loss, kidney disease (no erythropoeitin)
- Reduced O2 carrying capacity due to LOW Haemoglobin conc.
- Haemato-poeisis
- Formation of new blood cells
- Erythrocyte life span= 120 days
- Spleen filters out damaged erythrocytes
- Cell fragments then taken up by macrophages
- Spleen filters out damaged erythrocytes
- Thrombocyte life span= 10 days
- Leukocyte life span= hours
- Using PLURI-POTENT stem cells from bone marrow
- Active haemato-poeitic marrow in all bones up to age 5 then after 20 years in stermnum, vertebrae, ribs and pelvis only
- Uses growth factors to initiate differentiation of cells
- Kidney cells respond to hypoxia (low O2) by releasing hormone ERYTHRO-POEITIN
- Erythropoeitin in blood stimulates bone marrow to make stem cells for erythrocytes
- Production= x6 to x8
- Erythropoeitin in blood stimulates bone marrow to make stem cells for erythrocytes
- Kidney cells respond to hypoxia (low O2) by releasing hormone ERYTHRO-POEITIN
- Erythrocyte life span= 120 days
- Formation of new blood cells
- Prevention of harmful clotting
- Blood flow dilutes the activated clotting factors
- Activated factors removed in kidney by Kupffer cells (macrophages)
- Endothelial cells neutralise factors using PROSTA-CYCLIN & NITRIC OXIDE to stop platelet activation
- Also produces a tissue factor pathway inhibitor
- Releases HEPARIN and THROMBO-MODULIN on membrane
- DRUGS: Antiplatelet activation and Anticoagulant
- Key Blood Proteins in plasma
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