Developmental psychology- early social developmental
- Created by: Robyn
- Created on: 18-05-13 13:42
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- Developmental psychology- early social developmental
- Attachment
- 2-way enduring emotional tie to a specific person
- stages
- new born= attach to anyone
- baby= distinguish primary and secondary caretakers
- accepts care from anyone
- older= attachment behavior focused on single carer
- Learning theory
- belief that children develop attachments to feeders
- process of association
- Classical conditioning
- stimulus associated with a response
- cupboard love theory
- Pavlov's dog
- Operant conditioning
- learns due to consequences
- Little Albert
- Research
- Schaffer and Emerson
- mothers interviewed on babies behaviour
- seperation issues
- being left alone
- 39%cases- main carer= not main attachment
- feeding= not primary explanation of attachment
- mothers interviewed on babies behaviour
- Schaffer and Emerson
- Evaluate
- cupboard love= wrong way round
- babies dont live to eat... the eat to live
- Schaffer
- babies dont live to eat... the eat to live
- attachment= protection not foor
- Bowlby
- attachments develop with non-feeders
- evolutionary aspects
- cupboard love= wrong way round
- belief that children develop attachments to feeders
- Bowlby's theory
- attachments from an innate ability
- keep proximity to care givers
- attachment= human form of imprinting
- attachment evolved through natural selection
- social releasers
- behaviours stimulating adult interaction
- Evolutionary theory
- attachment= 2 way complimentary process
- carers innately respond to infants' signals
- babies show monotropy
- attach to adult that interacts with them most sensitively
- critical period
- time within which attachments must be formed
- Research
- Lorenz
- geese
- Rutter
- no specific attachment behaviours towards mothers
- Lorenz
- Evaluate
- Schaffer and Emerson
- attachment likely= sensitive responsiveness
- disproves
- attachment likely= sensitive responsiveness
- continuity hypothesis :)
- Schaffer and Emerson
- attachments from an innate ability
- Types of attachment
- Strange situation
- Ainsworth
- Uganda
- Baltimore
- pps= 9-18 months
- categories
- proximity and contact seeking behaviours
- contact maintaining behaviours
- proximity and interaction avoiding behaviours
- contact and interaction resisting behaviours
- search behaviours
- Attachment styles
- Securely attached
- willing to explore
- high stranger anxiety
- easy to soothe
- enthusiastic when carer returns
- Insecure-avoidant
- willing to explore
- low stranger anxiety
- indifferent to seperation
- avoid contact when carer returns
- Insecure resistant
- not willing to explore
- high stranger anxiety
- distress at seperation
- seek and reject contact at carers return
- Securely attached
- Research
- Ainsworth et al
- The Strange Situation
- 70% of 106 pps= secure attachment
- 15% of 106 pps= insecure avoidant
- 15% of 106 pps= insecure resistant
- Main et al
- 100% of securely attached before 18 months
- still securely attached at 6yrs old
- 75% of anxious-avoidant
- remained so
- strange situation= reliable
- 100% of securely attached before 18 months
- Ainsworth et al
- Evaluate
- paradigm :)
- Van Ijzendoorn and Schengel :)
- parental sensitivity determines attachment
- lacks ecological validity :(
- Strange situation
- Cultural variations
- Bowlby's theory= attachment should be the same across cultures
- cultural variations= environmental factors
- Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
- review 32 strange situations
- 8 countries
- 2000 pps
- secure attachment most common
- Insecure avoidant
- not common in Japan or Israel
- 2 Japanese studies
- 1= no insecure avoidant
- 2= 15% insecure avoidant
- 2 Japanese studies
- insecure resistant was found
- not common in Japan or Israel
- 2 Japanese studies
- 1= no insecure avoidant
- 2= 15% insecure avoidant
- 2 Japanese studies
- not common in Japan or Israel
- not common in Japan or Israel
- differences in cultures and between cultures
- review 32 strange situations
- Evaluate
- strange situation has different meanings in different cultures
- childrearing practices need to be scrutinised to interpret findings
- Okonogi
- Japanese children are taught to fear and avoid strangers
- attachment theory = specific to Western Culture
- strange situation has different meanings in different cultures
- Disruption of attachment
- Bowlby
- Maternal deprivation hypothesis
- disruption to attachment incurs serious , irreversible negative effects
- affectionless psychology
- lacking a social conscience
- Research
- studied 44 thieves
- compared with non-thieves
- 32% of thieves= affectionless psychopaths
- 86% endured maternal seperation
- 0% of non-thieves were affectionless psychopaths
- 17% thieves= normal
- with maternal seperation
- results= maternal seperation incurs long-term serious consequences
- studied 44 thieves
- Evaluate
- chilldren's homes/ orphanages
- provided unstimulating environments= retarded development, not lack of maternal care
- Bowlby confused privation with deprivation
- chilldren's homes/ orphanages
- Maternal deprivation hypothesis
- Deprivation
- seperation from attachment figures
- 3 components caused by short-term separation
- 1) protest
- 2) despair
- 3) detachment
- Robertson and Robertson
- filmed short term separation in hospitals
- effects were noticeable for long periods after reunion
- Evaluate
- R and R= negative effects
- avoidable, provide children with ulterior attachment
- research caused radical changes to hospital routines
- same nurses for children= attachments
- logical= incurs longer consequences
- Research allowed development of coping strategies
- R and R= negative effects
- Privation
- never formed attachments
- Hodges and Tizard
- longitudinal study= children with no attachment in care
- some rehomed, others not
- non adopted children= social problems
- adopted= sorted out
- Czech twins
- Genie
- Evaluate
- case studies= unethical
- effects= irreversible= false
- recovery is possible
- ungeneralisable results
- Bowlby
- Impact of Daycare
- for daycare arguments
- high-quality day care= stimulating
- quality day care= positive effects on social development
- mothers free to work with lower level stress
- against daycare arguments
- separation can lead to privation
- daycare= inferior to homecare
- daycare brings negative outcomes
- Aggression and peer relations
- NICHD :(
- avg. 30 hrs+ daycare
- prone to problem behaviours
- avg. 30 hrs+ daycare
- NICHD :)
- high levels of daycare
- low levels of problem behaviour
- high levels of daycare
- NICHD :(
- Evaluate
- aggression= more socialising
- family factors as well
- aggressive children= day care, parents need a break
- peer relations= more socialising
- bullying- low confidence= bullied
- for daycare arguments
- Attachment
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