2 The 'Butler Act', 1944

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  • Education Act, 1944
    • Grammar schools (academic)
      • Deepened class divisions by sending the majority of working-class children to secondary moderns
      • Intended to make academic curricula avaliable to all able students
      • Greater opportunity for working-class children
      • 11+ was pass/fail test
        • Impossible to tell intellectual capacity at 11
    • Secondary modern schools (functional)
      • Mostly lower middle-class/ working-class children
      • Fewer resources, less qualified teachers
      • some offered innovative curricula
      • Close ties to collages to transfer to vocational courses/placements
      • 75% of students (post-war)
    • Technical schools (technical)
      • Middle-class education for science/engineering - technocratic class
      • Education for high technology/ nuclear power
      • Few built - expensive (3% of students)
      • Technical section of the 11+ eventually left out
    • Extended working-class access to education - secondary schools were free/ funded by tax - state responsibility
      • Extended leaving age to 15
      • Free/compulsory education, for girls too
        • Contributed to 1950s/60s social change - more were educated
    • Reflected/perperpetuated class structure
    • c. Richard Butler (education minister), 'tripartite' system

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