Evaluate the View that education reproduces & legitimates inequality (30)

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  • Evaluate the claim that education reproduces & legitimates inequality (30)
    • Introduction
      • Define Marxism
        • Structural conflict theory; class inequality; bourgosie & proletariat
      • Althusser: Ideological State Apparatus
      • Willis: The Lads
      • Bowles & Gintis: The Correspondence Principle, the Hidden Curriculum & the myth of meritocracy
    • Althusser: Ideological State Apparatus
      • Legitimating class inequality
        • Produces ideologies that hide the true cause of w/c failure
          • E.g. meritocracy
            • Link to Bowles & Gintis: The myth of meritocracy
          • Convinces people that failure is the fault of the individual & that inequality is inevitable
            • Ensures a steady supply of proletarian workers to feed capitalism, whilst at the same time preventing revolution
              • Althusser's theory does explain the patterns of educational achievement & social class, but it is too deterministic & too negative
            • Ev. Inequality & failure is the fault of the individual. The education system is meritocratic, meaning everyone has the chance to succeed.
      • Reproducing class inequality
        • Ensures that each generation of w/c pupils fail
          • These pupils then end up in w/c jobs, serving capitalism by producing goods in factories
            • Affects the pupils' life chances
              • Ev. Does explain patterns in the achievement of pupils from different social classes
            • Ensures a steady supply of proletarian workers to feed capitalism, whilst at the same time preventing revolution
              • Althusser's theory does explain the patterns of educational achievement & social class, but it is too deterministic & too negative
            • Ev. Where Marxists see inequality, there is really diversity & choice
          • Ev. Explains why having w/c parents makes failure more likely, but is too deterministic
      • ISA: Institutions used by the state to control thoughts and ideas
    • Bowles & Gintis
      • Legitimates class inequality
        • The Correspondence Principle
          • Operates through the Hidden Curriculum
            • School provides pupils with certain skills without teaching them, in order to prepare them for the workplace
              • Ev. Marxism is too negative. School is a positive step into wider society
            • School reflects the work place in order to prepare the young for alienation & exploitation in the capitalist work place
              • E.g. hierarchy, extrinsic reward, fragmentation of knowledge / work
              • Ev. Outdated. No longer applies to the post-Fordist economy / postmodernity
              • Ev. Provides a link between the education system & capitalism
              • Obedient & passive workforce is needed to prevent a class revolution
                • Ev. Popper: The idea of revolution cannot be falsified
        • The Myth of Meritocracy
          • Pupils are led to believe that the education system is meritocratic, that inequality is inevitable and that failure is the fault of the individual
            • Link to Althusser: ISA
            • Although untrue, meritocracy is designed to create a particular way of thinking
              • Ev. Marxism is too negative
              • Ev. Meritocracy is real
        • Bowles & Gintis provide an explanation for how the education reproduces & legitimates class inequality. Too negative, deterministic, outdated.
    • Willis: Learning to Labour
      • Study of 12 boys, who formed an anti-school sub-culture called "The Lads"
        • W/c pupils actively resist indoctrination with values such as meritocracy with acts of defiance
          • Link: Willis rejects Bowles & Gintis' Correspondence Principle
            • Marxists disagree on how the education system reproduces class inequality
          • Reflects the shopfloor culture of male manual workers
          • This means they are guaranteed to fail, as they refuse to comply to the school's values
            • This reproduces class inequality
            • Ev. deterministic, Use Fuller
        • Ev. Very small study. Unlikely to be representative

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