Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509-40
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- Created on: 02-01-21 14:54
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- Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509-40
- Henry VIII
- ascended to the throne in 1509 at age 18, acknowledged the authority of the Pope (Catholic England), strong athlete, musician, educated and very stubborn
- Henry believed in the divine rights of kings- appointed by God & only answerable to God
- Strengths: inherited a stable and wealthy kingdom, he had strong views on how he wanted to rule the country, had a strong alliance with Spain and was surrounded with experienced advisors
- Henry VIII's aims were simple: pursue glory through war, secure the succession, maintain law and order, create a magnificent royal court & be a good servient to the church
- Weaknesses: had little experience and interest of government, simplistic view of kingship & was egotistical and overconfident
- His desire to go to war asap wasn't necessarily good for England
- Thomas Wolsey, 1509-29
- Wolsey wasn't a member of the nobility, he was extremly intelligent and ambitious, willing to carry out the king's wishes- known as the 'Alter Rex' second king
- Wolsey carried out important government tasks, financially ruined his rivals, removed potential rivals and impressed Henry by providing well- equipped army. 1509- member of the Royal court
- Lord chancellor and cardinal by 1515- strengthened his power
- Wolsey's Domestic Reforms
- Star Chamber: a court set up to give out royal justice to all levels of society- increased the courts work
- Enclosure: landlords fenced off land to be accessed by the poor, meaning they couldn't use it for growing food or animals anymore
- The Eltham Ordinances: tackle the misspending and bad management of the palaces
- Subsides: Henry's income wasn't enough to pay for wars- Wolsey needed to raise money, he used a combination of old and new methods of taxation to raise significant amounts of money
- The Amicable Grant 1525: designed to fund Henry's war in France. tax on 1/3 of property owned by preists and 1/6 owned by ordinary people
- Wolsey's Domestic Reforms
- Star Chamber: a court set up to give out royal justice to all levels of society- increased the courts work
- Enclosure: landlords fenced off land to be accessed by the poor, meaning they couldn't use it for growing food or animals anymore
- The Eltham Ordinances: tackle the misspending and bad management of the palaces
- Subsides: Henry's income wasn't enough to pay for wars- Wolsey needed to raise money, he used a combination of old and new methods of taxation to raise significant amounts of money
- people refused to pay- led to a rebellion, this was the first significant rebellion of Henry's reign- Henry blamed Wolsey and cancelled the tax, leading to Wolsey becoming unpopular- war was cancelled
- Wolsey's Domestic Reforms
- Wolsey's foreign policy aims
- his main aim was to carry out the king's wishes and act as peacemakers between European states
- Failures: 1512,22-25- War against France, 1527- Treaty of Westminster, 1529- Treaty of Cambrai
- The annulment of Henry VIII's marriage
- Thomas Wolsey, 1509-29
- Wolsey wasn't a member of the nobility, he was extremly intelligent and ambitious, willing to carry out the king's wishes- known as the 'Alter Rex' second king
- Wolsey carried out important government tasks, financially ruined his rivals, removed potential rivals and impressed Henry by providing well- equipped army. 1509- member of the Royal court
- Lord chancellor and cardinal by 1515- strengthened his power
- The Amicable Grant 1525: designed to fund Henry's war in France. tax on 1/3 of property owned by preists and 1/6 owned by ordinary people
- people refused to pay- led to a rebellion, this was the first significant rebellion of Henry's reign- Henry blamed Wolsey and cancelled the tax, leading to Wolsey becoming unpopular- war was cancelled
- Wolsey's foreign policy aims
- his main aim was to carry out the king's wishes and act as peacemakers between European states
- Failures: 1512,22-25- War against France, 1527- Treaty of Westminster, 1529- Treaty of Cambrai
- Henry wanted an annulment of his marriage with Catherine Of Aragon (1572)
- Catherine failed to provide a male heir (threatened the succession), Henry became uncertain of his marriage and saw it as God's punishment for marrying his brothers wife.
- 1527- Henry instructs Wolsey to persuade Pope to grant an annulment (on the grounds the marriage was unholy- Pope didn't want to offend Charles V- this failed- 1529 the case was ajourned- lots of pressure was put on Catherine
- Thomas Wolsey, 1509-29
- Thomas Cromwell 1529-40
- not a member of nobility- humble beginning- becoming the chief's minister by 1534-seen as ruthless and unprincipled figure- vibrant personality- impressed Henry with loyalty
- Cromwell and the annulment: knew the pope wouldn't grant it, so Henry should- 1533, Henry and Anne secretly married- Parliament also passed 'Act of Restraint of Appeals', Henry was head of church- the divorce hearing took place and Anne was crowned as queen
- fall of Anne Boylen- Anne had a miscarriage and 'deformed' baby, accused to being a witch in court- Henry was fed up of no male heir and fancied Jane Seymour- Anne was flirty in court which was an embarrassment- Cromwell and Anne had different views on foreign policy
- Cromwell built the adultery case- found guilty- marriage was annulled- 1536 Anne is executed
- fall of Anne Boylen- Anne had a miscarriage and 'deformed' baby, accused to being a witch in court- Henry was fed up of no male heir and fancied Jane Seymour- Anne was flirty in court which was an embarrassment- Cromwell and Anne had different views on foreign policy
- Jane Seymour- married Henry after Anne's death- the marriage gave the Seymour family big influence at court- 1537 gave birth to a son (Edward) however she died two weeks later- Henry went into mourning
- marriage to the Anne of Cleves would provide Henry with a valuable European ally- Cromwell believed this marriage would strengthen protestant cause in court-
- Henry gave permission for marriage negations to begin in 1539- when she arrived Henry disliked he- however the marriage still went through after being postponed
- Cromwell started to look for a new wife after Seymour's death- one son wasn't enough to secure the Tudor dynasty
- marriage to the Anne of Cleves would provide Henry with a valuable European ally- Cromwell believed this marriage would strengthen protestant cause in court-
- Cromwell started to look for a new wife after Seymour's death- one son wasn't enough to secure the Tudor dynasty
- Cromwell's downfall: arrested for treason and heresy 1540, Duke of Norfolk, French Catholics & court and the church hated Cromwell
- Henry VIII
- Fall of Wolsey: 1529- stripped of powers and exiled to York, 1530- summoned to court but died on the way
- Reasons: Failure to gain annulment, the Amicable Grant and foreign policy against Charles V and the influence of the Boleyn family
- Cromwell, Government & Parliament
- problems with the Royal council: dominated by one man, no guidelines, discussions and decisions were not recorded, many didn't attend meeting
- The council of the North: The North was fairly independent but Cromwell wanted everywhere under one system- strengthened council
- The Act of Union: Wales was part of England, Welsh laws were replaced and gained representation in English Parliament
- Cromwell's management of Parliament: was used more regularly, key changes in the Church & state were made 'Acts of Parliament', strengthened the kings authority, Cromwell controlled Parliament and was the center of Government- laws now had to be passed with approval of the king too
- Thomas Cromwell 1529-40
- not a member of nobility- humble beginning- becoming the chief's minister by 1534-seen as ruthless and unprincipled figure- vibrant personality- impressed Henry with loyalty
- Cromwell and the annulment: knew the pope wouldn't grant it, so Henry should- 1533, Henry and Anne secretly married- Parliament also passed 'Act of Restraint of Appeals', Henry was head of church- the divorce hearing took place and Anne was crowned as queen
- fall of Anne Boylen- Anne had a miscarriage and 'deformed' baby, accused to being a witch in court- Henry was fed up of no male heir and fancied Jane Seymour- Anne was flirty in court which was an embarrassment- Cromwell and Anne had different views on foreign policy
- Cromwell built the adultery case- found guilty- marriage was annulled- 1536 Anne is executed
- fall of Anne Boylen- Anne had a miscarriage and 'deformed' baby, accused to being a witch in court- Henry was fed up of no male heir and fancied Jane Seymour- Anne was flirty in court which was an embarrassment- Cromwell and Anne had different views on foreign policy
- Jane Seymour- married Henry after Anne's death- the marriage gave the Seymour family big influence at court- 1537 gave birth to a son (Edward) however she died two weeks later- Henry went into mourning
- Henry gave permission for marriage negations to begin in 1539- when she arrived Henry disliked he- however the marriage still went through after being postponed
- Cromwell started to look for a new wife after Seymour's death- one son wasn't enough to secure the Tudor dynasty
- Cromwell started to look for a new wife after Seymour's death- one son wasn't enough to secure the Tudor dynasty
- Cromwell's downfall: arrested for treason and heresy 1540, Duke of Norfolk, French Catholics & court and the church hated Cromwell
- The reformation & it's impact 1529-40
- Henry VII's break with Rome was mainly caused by the 'Great Matter' and the annulment with Catherine of Aragon
- Protestantism: came from Germany- reform the church-reformation- no pope (individual rulers)- bible translated out of Latin- teach the 'word of God'
- Reasons for Henry VIII supporting the break from Rome: Henry began to support Protestant ideas- pressure the Pope for his annulment- concerned about the state of the Church and was pressured & Henry knew he could gain alot of money
- Protestantism: came from Germany- reform the church-reformation- no pope (individual rulers)- bible translated out of Latin- teach the 'word of God'
- The reformation secured the Break from Rome but English Church wasn't truly Protestant
- Most people weren't affected by changes in daily life- it was still dangerous to be Protestant's and to be seen supporting the Pope 1538- Henry moved back towards Catholicism
- Monasteries were central to the Catholic Church as a whole- their role was religious and social
- Reasons for Dissolution: Visitations & Corruption: 1535 Cromwell sent a commission of officials to inspect the monasteries- visitations found that some monks were not celibate, nuns had children- some monastries were corrupt/ some were goof
- winners: religious reformers, Henry VII, gentry and nobility
- losers: monks and nuns, poor and sick, farmers
- Reasons for Dissolution: Visitations & Corruption: 1535 Cromwell sent a commission of officials to inspect the monasteries- visitations found that some monks were not celibate, nuns had children- some monastries were corrupt/ some were goof
- Henry VIII and his ministers, 1509-40
- Henry VIII
- ascended to the throne in 1509 at age 18, acknowledged the authority of the Pope (Catholic England), strong athlete, musician, educated and very stubborn
- Henry believed in the divine rights of kings- appointed by God & only answerable to God
- Strengths: inherited a stable and wealthy kingdom, he had strong views on how he wanted to rule the country, had a strong alliance with Spain and was surrounded with experienced advisors
- Henry VIII's aims were simple: pursue glory through war, secure the succession, maintain law and order, create a magnificent royal court & be a good servient to the church
- Weaknesses: had little experience and interest of government, simplistic view of kingship & was egotistical and overconfident
- His desire to go to war asap wasn't necessarily good for England
- The annulment of Henry VIII's marriage
- Henry wanted an annulment of his marriage with Catherine Of Aragon (1572)
- Catherine failed to provide a male heir (threatened the succession), Henry became uncertain of his marriage and saw it as God's punishment for marrying his brothers wife.
- 1527- Henry instructs Wolsey to persuade Pope to grant an annulment (on the grounds the marriage was unholy- Pope didn't want to offend Charles V- this failed- 1529 the case was ajourned- lots of pressure was put on Catherine
- Henry VIII
- Pilgrimage of Grace- huge rebellion (north heading to south- London)- saw themselves as pilgrims defending faith
- social- healthcare, charity & shelter was gone
- Economic- poor harvests, complains about rising rent & closure, gentry and nobility opposed
- political- nobility felt threatened & hated Cromwell (power over the King)
- Religious- North was mainly Catholic- didn't support Break from Rome, opposed the Dissolution of the Monastries, scared all churches would be shut down
- political- nobility felt threatened & hated Cromwell (power over the King)
- Economic- poor harvests, complains about rising rent & closure, gentry and nobility opposed
- Reasons for the Pilgrimage of Grace's failure: Henry broke his promises'- Henry sped up the Dissolution after the Pilgrimage as he saw monastries as as a factor for opposition, Henry increase the power of the Council of the North to deal with any futher unrest
- social- healthcare, charity & shelter was gone
- Henry VII's break with Rome was mainly caused by the 'Great Matter' and the annulment with Catherine of Aragon
- Protestantism: came from Germany- reform the church-reformation- no pope (individual rulers)- bible translated out of Latin- teach the 'word of God'
- Reasons for Henry VIII supporting the break from Rome: Henry began to support Protestant ideas- pressure the Pope for his annulment- concerned about the state of the Church and was pressured & Henry knew he could gain alot of money
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