History of Medicine

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  • Created on: 08-05-17 18:01
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  • History of Medicine
    • Roman Public Health
      • Most towns had public baths that people could visit to exercise and socialise
      • Skilled engineers built aqueducts and pipes which brought clean water into towns. Water could also be collected from wells
      • Sewers took human waste away from people's homes
      • The Roman Empire  was wealthy and had more to spend on infrastructure and education related to public health.
    • Influence of Hippocrates
      • He is acknowledged as the modern father of medicine, his ideas and writings were very influential
      • He dismissed the idea that God caused disease, believing in natural causes of disease and he encouraged other doctors to believe the same.
      • Most of his treatments were based on diet, exercise and rest but he also used methods such as bleeding and purging
      • He came up with the "clinical method of observation" which doctors still use to treat patients today
      • He created the Hippocratic Oath which is a promise that is made by doctors to obey the rules of behavior in their profession.
    • Influence of Galen
      • Carried out dissections on dead bodies (mainly animals) to learn about anatomy
      • Many people were convinced that Galen's ideas about medicine were correct and they dominated medicine for over 1000 years.
      • He believed that illness was caused by imbalances of the four humors. Like Hippocrates he told doctors to observe patients carefylly
      • He developed the idea of opposite humors for counter-balancing the body's humors
      • He found that the arteries as well as veins carry blood through the body.
      • Galen made mistakes because he had to use only animals to study. He also believed that blood was consumed rather than circulated
    • The Four Humors
      • The Ancient Greeks identified four different liquids or "Humors" in the body: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
      • The Greeks thought that every person had their own individual mix of the Four Humors and if the mix became unbalanced a person became ill.
      • They thought that these Humors and their imbalances were  linked to the four seasons. (Winter linked to water, body produced too much phlegm and you have to sneeze or cough to get rid of it.
    • Connections in Greek and Roman Medicine.
      • Greek doctors on Roman times were unpopular as they were foreign and Roman Doctors were jealous of their skill.
      • The main medical books in Rome were written by Hippocrates and his followers who were all Greek.
      • The Romans took over universities and libraries in Alexandria as it was the center of medical learning.
    • Roman Treatments
      • There were few doctors in Roman Britain and most illnesses were treated within the home. Only those who could afford trained doctors had them.
      • Hospitals were generally reserved for soldiers and few hospitals were available to the public.
        • Pregnant women relied on other women to help them through childbirth, some women became very expereinced as this and were used as village midwives.
      • Treatment could be based on bloodletting or purging mixed with prayers to the God of health.
      • The water used in Roman baths was believed to have healing qualities so people often visited them if they felt unwell.
      • Most illnesses and injuries were treated by the father of the family using methods passed down from his father.
      • In the 2nd Century the Roman writer Dioscorides published a book with detailed information on the use of plants and herbs and drugs.
    • Structure of Roman Society
      • Government: Made central decisions, organised large-scale projects and raised taxes to pay for these projects. They also provided the man power to carry these projects out.
      • Army: Needed a good standard of public health and soldiers from all over the empire brought ideas with them. During peaceful times the army would build roads, baths, sewers and other public health projects.
      • Communicatio-ns: Good quality roads made travel and communicatio-ns easier and quicker across the empire. This allowed Britain to be kept up to date with new ideas. Knowledge and ideas spread as people travelled throughout the empire
    • London in the Middle Ages
      • In the 13th century, lead pipes were laid to provide water from the river Tyburns however, there were leaks, contamination and the supply was not enough for the city.
      • There was no guarantee that water from a water seller was clean, the quality was often so poor that few people drank it.
      • Animal and human excrement was common in the streets, rubbish was not removed and rodents roamed the streets regularly.
      • Laws was passed but they had limited effect-the systems were just too underdevelop-ed to deal with the severity of the problem.
      • During the middle ages there was little to no progress in public health and the standard of public health actually went backwards- especially in towns and cities.
  • The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of medical books, some written by Hippocrates and some by his followers.
  • Hospitals in the Middle Ages
    • These were run by religious orders and situated in monasteries, convents and abbyes
    • These hospitals cared for the sick rather than cure them
    • History of Medicine
      • Roman Public Health
        • Most towns had public baths that people could visit to exercise and socialise
        • Skilled engineers built aqueducts and pipes which brought clean water into towns. Water could also be collected from wells
        • Sewers took human waste away from people's homes
        • The Roman Empire  was wealthy and had more to spend on infrastructure and education related to public health.
      • Influence of Hippocrates
        • He is acknowledged as the modern father of medicine, his ideas and writings were very influential
        • He dismissed the idea that God caused disease, believing in natural causes of disease and he encouraged other doctors to believe the same.
        • Most of his treatments were based on diet, exercise and rest but he also used methods such as bleeding and purging
        • He came up with the "clinical method of observation" which doctors still use to treat patients today
        • He created the Hippocratic Oath which is a promise that is made by doctors to obey the rules of behavior in their profession.
      • Influence of Galen
        • Carried out dissections on dead bodies (mainly animals) to learn about anatomy
        • Many people were convinced that Galen's ideas about medicine were correct and they dominated medicine for over 1000 years.
        • He believed that illness was caused by imbalances of the four humors. Like Hippocrates he told doctors to observe patients carefylly
        • He developed the idea of opposite humors for counter-balancing the body's humors
        • He found that the arteries as well as veins carry blood through the body.
        • Galen made mistakes because he had to use only animals to study. He also believed that blood was consumed rather than circulated
      • The Four Humors
        • The Ancient Greeks identified four different liquids or "Humors" in the body: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.
        • The Greeks thought that every person had their own individual mix of the Four Humors and if the mix became unbalanced a person became ill.
        • They thought that these Humors and their imbalances were  linked to the four seasons. (Winter linked to water, body produced too much phlegm and you have to sneeze or cough to get rid of it.
      • Connections in Greek and Roman Medicine.
        • Greek doctors on Roman times were unpopular as they were foreign and Roman Doctors were jealous of their skill.
        • The main medical books in Rome were written by Hippocrates and his followers who were all Greek.
        • The Romans took over universities and libraries in Alexandria as it was the center of medical learning.
      • Roman Treatments
        • There were few doctors in Roman Britain and most illnesses were treated within the home. Only those who could afford trained doctors had them.
        • Hospitals were generally reserved for soldiers and few hospitals were available to the public.
          • Pregnant women relied on other women to help them through childbirth, some women became very expereinced as this and were used as village midwives.
        • Treatment could be based on bloodletting or purging mixed with prayers to the God of health.
        • The water used in Roman baths was believed to have healing qualities so people often visited them if they felt unwell.
        • Most illnesses and injuries were treated by the father of the family using methods passed down from his father.
        • In the 2nd Century the Roman writer Dioscorides published a book with detailed information on the use of plants and herbs and drugs.
      • Structure of Roman Society
        • Government: Made central decisions, organised large-scale projects and raised taxes to pay for these projects. They also provided the man power to carry these projects out.
        • Army: Needed a good standard of public health and soldiers from all over the empire brought ideas with them. During peaceful times the army would build roads, baths, sewers and other public health projects.
        • Communicatio-ns: Good quality roads made travel and communicatio-ns easier and quicker across the empire. This allowed Britain to be kept up to date with new ideas. Knowledge and ideas spread as people travelled throughout the empire
      • London in the Middle Ages
        • In the 13th century, lead pipes were laid to provide water from the river Tyburns however, there were leaks, contamination and the supply was not enough for the city.
        • There was no guarantee that water from a water seller was clean, the quality was often so poor that few people drank it.
        • Animal and human excrement was common in the streets, rubbish was not removed and rodents roamed the streets regularly.
        • Laws was passed but they had limited effect-the systems were just too underdevelop-ed to deal with the severity of the problem.
        • During the middle ages there was little to no progress in public health and the standard of public health actually went backwards- especially in towns and cities.
    • People with infectious diseases or incurable conditions were often not admitted.
    • Almshouses for the "deserving" poor and elderly began to appear in the 14th century
  • Religion and Superstition in the Middle Ages
    • The Christian Church became increasingly important during the Middle Ages and this had a large effect on medical treatment.
    • People would say prayers and make offerings, some even went on pilgrimages in hope that God would cure them.
    • During the 12th century interest in the stars and astrology greatly increased. Scholars linked these stars signs to the Greek idea of the four elements and Galen's ideas about medicine.
    • Doctors often used handbooks. These manuals would include urine  charts where they could compare the colour of a patients urine ti help diagnose the illness.
    • Doctors would use zodiac charts to help them know when to avoid certain treatments
  • Public Health in the Middle Ages
    • There was a lack of clean water-toilets were often built directly over rivers were people got their water from.
    • There was no means of removing sewage from water.
    • Remains of butchered animals were often left on the streets and this attracted rats and mice.
  • Public toilets were built but most people relived themselves in the streets.

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