History USA section 1 chapter 1

Created by: Kbarker179359
Created on: 27-02-20 08:27

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Section 1: Chapter 1- Era of Reconstruction 1865-77
- Pgs 1-28
- USA in 1865
  - North / South differences
    - Cultural & industrial differences
    - Ownership of slaves
      - South supported slavery heavily
      - 1860: nearly 4 mil slaves
      - Differing views in treatment
    - Powers of the presidency & fed gov.
    - Led to outbreak of civil war 1861
      - Lincoln- repub pres.
      - Destruction, loss of lives
      - Huge economic expense
      - emancipation of 3.5 mil slaves
  - Political system
    - Fed / central govs & state govs
    - Almost all white males had right to vote
    - Federal system of gov
      - but has limited impact on lives of most Americans
    - Republicans & Democrats
      - Repubs favoured wealth, business and reduced gov control
        North p- mostly repub, south mostly dem
      - Dems in favour of more gov involvement esp. social issues
  - Economy
    - Enormous reserves of natural resources
    - Rapidly growing pop
      - 31.5 mil=1860 to 50mil =1880
        Immigration & better incomes
        Western expansion
        Manifest Destiny
        
        Mormons, Brigham Young- Salt Lake City
        
        Conflict with Native Americans
        Great Sioux War 1876
        
        Battle of Little Bighorn June 1876
        
        Sand Creek Massacre 1864
        
        Reservation policy
        
        Bonanza farms- big farms
        
        Homestead Act 1862, Timber & Culture Act 1873, Desert & Land Act 1877
    - Large farming pop
    - Good transport infrastructure
    - Economic differences N/S
    - Growth of industry
    - Free trade & tariffs
- Johnson, Grant & failure of Radical Reconstruction
  - Recon. Under Lincoln
    - Ten percent plan- 1864, 10% oath of allegiance to USA
      - Led to Wade-Davis Bill 1865, 50% tougher oath
        Vetoed by Lincoln
    - Thirteenth Amendment- 1865, formally freed all slaves
    - Freedmen,s Bureau 1865- helped former slaves
  - Recon. Under Johnson 1865-68
    - Accepted Wade-Davis Bill
    - Had no wish to promote position of ex-slaves
    - Wanted to restore southern states quickly
    - gained opposition
    - Civil Rights Bill 1866- he sided with Dems, vetoed bill to strengthen Freedmen’s Bureau
      - Bill to give minimum rights to ex-slaves, vetoed but Congress overturned it
    - Fourteenth Amendment-ensured civil rights bill could not be changed, granted citizenship, but failed to become law
    - Radical recon
      - Military Reconstruction Bill-1867
      - Command of the Army Act
      - Tenure of Office Act
        Johnson ignored this and was impeached 1868
        he remained pres. but had poor reputation
  - Recon. Under Grant 1868
    - In favour of firm treatment of south
    - Carpetbaggers and scalawags
      - Carpetbaggers- northerners with support of US army
      - Scalawags- southern whites who formed coalition with black freedmen
    - Fifteenth Amendment 1869
      - Right to vote no matter what race
    - Scandals damaged his rep
      - Spectators tried to manipulate gold market
        Led to financial panic- Black Friday 24th Sept 1869
      - Whiskey Ring scandal- conspired to defraud fed gov of liquor tax revenue
  - End of Recon 1876-77
    - Election of 1876 & compromise of 1877
      - Tilden & Hayes
        Dems would accept Hayes as pres. if he removed troops from south
    - N thrived economically, S did not
- African Americans & Recon.
  - 4 mil slaves freed
  - 2 black senators & 20 black reps in Congress
  - Gained little / no land
  - Most became sharecroppers for white landowners
    - Economic hardship- fall in cotton prices
  - Failed to guarantee civil rights- still treated as second-class
  - Segregation & ‘Jim Crow’ laws
  - Some but few became doctors, lawyers & teachers
  - some favoured segregation as they didn’t want to mix with whites
  - KKK: 1866, beatings & lynchings
- Economic growth
  - Civil war; demand for manufactured goods, transport & mass production
  - Tariffs
  - Financial infrastructure grew- banks etc
  - Availability of land
    - Further railroads, farming grew, more food (wheat), growing cities
      - Job opportunities
      - urbanisation
        Corrupt & poor living conditions (slums) in cities
      - Agriculture grew- agribusinesses
      - First Transcontinental Railroad 1869
  - Gov played v little part in economic control
    - Corporations & trusts
      - Growth of big business
      - Ignored state rules
  - Tech. Innovation
    - Carnegie- steel
  - Depression of 1873
    - Poor banking system
- Foreign policy
  - Monroe Doctrine
  - Expansionism
    - Alaska 1867
    - Dominican Repub. offered itself for colonisation
    - China- Burlingame Treaty for trade, island in west Pacific, immigration

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History USA section 1 chapter 1

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