Individual Differences, Sports Psychology.

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  • Individual differences
    • Anxiety
      • "The feeling of apprehension when faced with a stimulus perceived to be threatening"
      • State
        • How you react to a specific stressful situation
        • Temporary
      • Trait
        • How you react to stress
      • Cognitive
        • The psychologicaleffects of anxiety
          • Loss of concentration
          • Negative thoughts
          • Confusion
      • Somatic
        • The Physiological effects of anxiety
          • Headache
          • Muscle tension
          • Increased heart rate
    • Aggression
      • "form of behaviour directed towards the gain if harming or injuring another living outside the rules of the sport"
      • The instinct theory
        • Disadvantages
          • Human aggression is often learned
          • Early humans were not warrior, but hunter gatherers
          • Aggression is not purely spontaneous
        • Human instinct to be aggressive and to protect ones habitat.
      • Frustration - Agression hypothesis
        • Frustration always leads to aggression
        • Disadvantages
          • No evidence that frustration always causes aggression, or that aggression always comes from frustration.
      • Aggressive cue hypothesis
        • Increased arousal and frustration = readiness of aggression. Certain stimuli must be present for the player to respond aggressively.
      • Social learning theory Bandura
        • We learn by copying the behaviour of significant others
    • Social facilitation
      • Social inhibition
        • The negative influence of others, who may be watching or competing, leading to a decrease in sports performance
      • Social Facilitation
        • The positive influence of others on sports performance
      • What affects performance
        • Home/away games
          • Teams tend to win more at home than away.
            • Because there is more positive support from home
        • Personality
          • Type A high anxiety individuals
            • Perform worse inhibition
              • Introverts
          • Type B individuals Low anxiety
          • Introverts
          • Extrovert
            • Perform better Facilitation
              • Type B individuals Low anxiety
        • Level of experience
          • Associative
          • Cognitive
            • Social inhibition, arousal lessens the focus that beginners need to complete skill
          • Autonomous
          • If something bad has happened before they may be more nervous
          • Performing infant of someone really good may increase anxiety
        • Skill type
          • Complex
            • Social inhibition, complex skills need more attention
          • Simple
            • Social facilitation, require les attention
          • Fine
            • Social inhibition, because fine skulls need more perception
          • Gross
            • Social facilitation, require les attention
    • Personality
      • Trait theory
        • Behaviour = function of personality
      • Social learning theory
        • Behaviour = function of environment
      • Interactionist theory
        • Behaviour = function of (environment x personality)
    • Attitudes
      • Dependant on
        • Personality type
        • Social influences
        • Personal experiences
        • Conditioning
      • Triadic model
        • Affective, Behavioural, Cognitive
          • Emotions, Behaviour, Beliefs
        • Emotions, Behaviour, Beliefs
      • How to change an individuals attitude
        • Persuasive communication
        • Cognitive dissonance

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