issues and debates

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  • issues and debates
    • nature vs nurture
      • nature - nurture line: bio, psycho, cognitive, humanism, behaviourism
      • nature
        • Bowlby’s explanation of attachment does not ignore environmental influences. BUT Behaviour that appears to be determined by nature may be determined by nurture!
      • nurture
        • Empirical evidence shows that behavior is learned. BUT even learning has a genetic basis
    • free will vs  determinism
      • determinism
        • environmental -behavourism
        • biological -bio
        • psychic-psychodynamic
        • hard
        • soft  -cognitive and slt
        • scientific and allows cause and effect. BUT suggests criminals can't be held accountable and is reductionist
      • free will
        • humanistic
        • emphasises importance of individual and studying individual differences. BUT is subjective and impossible to scientifically test
    • nomothetic vs idiographic
      • nomothetic
        • behaviourism, bio, cognitive, slt
        • more scientific, enables us to make predictions. BUT can't apply those to individuals, just groups.
      • idiographic
        • humanism
        • focus on individual. BUT very time consuming
    • reductionism vs holism
      • holism
        • humanism,  psychdynamic
        • Looks at everything that may impact behaviour. Doesn't ignore the complexity of behaviour. BUT not scientific and hard to get cause and effect
      • reductionism
        • bio, behaviourism, cognitive (machine reductionism)
        • scientific as requires isolation of variables. BUT over-simplistic - lacks ecological validity. Doesn't address larger societal issues (poverty)
    • gender bias
      • alpha bias
      • beta bias
      • androcentrism
    • cultural bias
      • cultural relativism
      • ethnocentrism
      • ethics
      • emics
    • ethical issues
      • beh. real world ap (RWA)- phobia treatment. Animal research
      • bio- RWA: drug therapy and psychosurgery. Animal research
      • cog- RWA: CBT
      • slt: RWA-
      • psycho- RWA: psychoanalysis
      • humanism- RWA: counselling - client centred therapy
  • slt is  mainly reductionist
  • psychodynamic = both
  • kohlberg moral development- generalised findings to women
  • freud- androcentric (penis envy) reinforce stereotypes
  • ainsworth strange situation doesn't cater for ethnic differences
  • eysenck - etic and produces bias: IQ test designed thru european person

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