Labelling
- Created by: zoe_chetty
- Created on: 10-01-19 13:58
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- Labelling theory
- Cicourel- the negotiation of justice
- Officer's typifications- their common sense theories/ stereotypes of what the typical delinquent is like. Leads them to concentrate on certain 'types'
- Working class areas- people fitted the police typifications more closely. Meaning police patrolled these areas more intensively, resulting in more arrests
- Middle class juveniles- less likely to fit typification, parents can negotiate on their behalf. Less likely to be charged
- Crime statistics
- Crime stats do not give a valid picture of crime patterns due to police typifications
- Cicourel argues we cannot take crime stats at face value or use them as a resource
- We should treat them as topic and investigate the processes by which they are constructed
- Lemert- Primary and secondary deviance
- Primary deviance- deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled
- Secondary deviance- the result of societal reaction (labelling)
- Becker- the attachment of the label may have major consequences for the individuals view of themselves- their self-concept
- Deviant Careers
- The labelling process and societal reaction can lead to a master status and then a self-fulfilling prophecy which could cause a deviant career
- Deviant career- where people who have been labelled as deviant find conventional opportunities blocked to them, and so are pushed into committing further deviant acts
- Institutions help to make this label stick
- Jock Young- hippy marijuana users
- Initially drugs were peripheral to hippies (primary deviance). However persecution and labelling by the police led to them being outsiders (societal reaction)
- Retreated into deviant subcultures, drugs became central, therefore a self fulfilling prophecy
- Deviance amplification spiral
- The attempt to control deviance only increases it
- Cohen studied Mods and Rockers, found press exaggeration created a series of moral panics, leading to higher prosecution levels and therefore higher levels of deviance. Turned into folk devils
- Evaluation
- Shows the law is often enforced in discriminatory ways
- Assumes offenders are passive victims of labelling and not that they may actively choose deviance
- Does not consider the victim
- Cicourel- the negotiation of justice
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