Language Variation: The Myths of Mars and Venus
- Created by: Gnomy98
- Created on: 09-04-16 14:10
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- Language Variation: The Myths of Mars and Venus
- Phase 1: Robin Lakoff & the Women's Language Hypothesis
- claimed there was differences in the language used by men and women in interaction
- period of 60s and 70s
- research based on her intuitive ideas and not hard research
- Lakoff's features of Women's Language
- Lexical hedges or fillers
- Tag questions
- Rising intonation on declaratives
- 'Empty' adjectives
- Precise colour terms
- Intensifiers
- 'Hypercorrect' grammar
- 'Superpolite' forms
- Avoidance of strong swear words
- Emphatic Stress
- views of women's language
- the features function is to weaken or mitigate the force of what is being said
- the features are both cause and effect in a vicious circle that creates and reproduces gender inequalities
- Phase 2: Empirical Investigation of Women's Language: O'Barr & Atkins
- they tested Lakoff's Women's Language Hypothesis by collecting data
- Key conclusions from their research
- gender was a powerful determinant
- gender was not the sole determinant
- being female often correlated with lower social status and power
- Phase 2: Turn-taking and Topic Control
- Zimmerman and West: Male and Female turn-taking
- investigated whether there was any difference in women's and men's turn-taking in interacton
- two types of simultaneous speech
- overlaps
- slight over-anticipation of the end of the speaker's turn
- feature of cooperative conversations
- high-involvement style
- it shows interest in, and enthusiasm for, what the speaker has said
- interruptions
- speaker begins while the first speaker is still talking and is clearly not at the end of their utterance
- competitive conversaions
- shows less regard for what the other speaker is saying
- overlaps
- Zimmerman and West: Male and Female turn-taking
- Phase 3: Challenging 'weak WL' - the form/function problem - tags
- Lakoff claimed that WL features made women's language weak and tentative
- criticism of Lakoff's analysis of tag questions
- do not have a simple, single function
- not always express tentativeness and lack confidence
- The Functions of Tag Questions
- Modal Meaning
- speaker orientated
- signals the speaker's degree of certainty
- Affective Meaning
- addressee orientated
- reveals about the speaker's relationship with the person they are speaking to
- two types of affective tags
- Facilitative tags
- supports the addressee and try to build up their positive face
- Softening tags
- try to soften the force of face threatening acts
- Facilitative tags
- Modal Meaning
- Dominance & Difference Approaches
- The Dominance Approach
- the belief that women are a socially subordinate group
- women's and men's different interactional styles as a reflection of their different social starus
- women are socially subordinate, lack confidence and authority
- The Difference Approach
- sought to recognise the value of women's language style as supportive and cooperative
- works to develop and foster good relationships and solidarity
- The Dominance Approach
- Different Styles: Cooperative Women & Competitive Men
- Jennifer Coates' differences between women's and men's conversations
- frequent use of language forms to protect the face of other participants
- rare use of interruptions
- use of minimal responses
- progressive and collaborative topic development
- Jennifer Coates' differences between women's and men's conversations
- Phase 1: Robin Lakoff & the Women's Language Hypothesis
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