Memory
- Created by: lucjacksonfrench
- Created on: 04-05-17 17:11
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- Memory
- Multi-store Model - Atkinson & Shiffrin
- Short term memory
- Capacity - Jacobs/Miller - 7±2 - Digit span
- Duration - Peterson & Peterson - 18 seconds (2% higher) - Trigrams
- Coding - Acoustic, visual back up - Baddeley, acoustically similar - Brandimote, lalala
- Sensory Register
- Coding - Visual and Acoustic - Crowder
- Capacity - Unlimited?
- Duration - 0.5 seconds - Sperling - 12 item
- Long term memory
- Duration - Unlimited - Bahrick
- Capacity - Unlimited
- Coding - Baddeley - Semantically similar words
- Shallice & Warrington - studied KF - could not store acoustic information, only visual.
- Spiers - 147 amnesia patients - procedural memories intact.
- Craik & Lockhart - depth of processing affects ease of creation of LTMs and also strength of LTMs
- Short term memory
- Types of Long Term Memory
- Episodic - Personal memories about an event with emotional tone (Explicit)
- Procedural - How to do things (Implicit)
- Semantic - Facts and information about the world (Explicit)
- The Working Memory Model
- Central Executive - directs attention to tasks and sends information to correct slave system, no capacity or coding
- Episodic Buffer (2000) - provides a link between slave systems, and provides temporary store when either is overwhelmed, codes acoustically and visually
- Long Term Memory
- Phonological Loop - acoustic coding, capacity roughly equal to amount you can say in two seconds
- Phonological store - holds words/sounds that are being heard while they are being processed.
- Articulatory Store - repeats and processes information, responsible for maintenance rehearsal
- Visuo-spatial Sketch Pad - where things are and what they look like, visual coding, limited capacity
- Visual Cache - stores what things look like
- Inner Scribe - spatial relations, behaves like a GPS
- Episodic Buffer (2000) - provides a link between slave systems, and provides temporary store when either is overwhelmed, codes acoustically and visually
- Central Executive must be in at least two parts, EUR case study showed ability to reason but not to make day to day decisions
- Not very comprehensive as it only displays short term memory, whereas MSM displays all and their links. (however very derailed and 2000 added LTM link)
- Central Executive - directs attention to tasks and sends information to correct slave system, no capacity or coding
- Explanations of Forgetting
- Retrieval Failure - lack of cues causes memory to be inaccessible - Endel Tulving (encoding specificity principle - "Memory is effective if information that was present at coding is also available at time of retrieval"
- Context Cues - environmental factors, such as the room you're in or music that is playing
- State Cues - mental factors, such as your emotions or the influence of a drug
- Abernathy - students perform better in a test when it is give by the teacher who taught them in the room they were taught in
- Goodwin - participants who were drunk/sober during coding remembered the list better when they were in the same state
- Real word application - police reconstruct crimes to attempt to trigger any memories that required cues to be accessed
- Interference - when information in long term memory is confused due to similarities
- Pro-active interference - when old information interferes with new information (e.g. when a teacher changes the seating pan but you keep going to your original seat)
- Retro-active interference - when new information interferes with old information (e.g. learning another model for memory and then getting the previous one wrong)
- Underwood - proactive - participants remember the earlier lists of words much better than the later ones.
- Schmidt - retro-active - the more time a participant had moved house, the worse their memory of the roads around their primary school was.
- Retrieval Failure - lack of cues causes memory to be inaccessible - Endel Tulving (encoding specificity principle - "Memory is effective if information that was present at coding is also available at time of retrieval"
- Eye Witness Testimony
- Misleading Information - information which might affect an eye witness' recall
- Loftus & Palmer - participants had to estimate the speed of a car in a video of a car crash, verb in question was either smashed, hit, collided, contacted or bumped, smashed induced the highest estimates, and contacted the lowest.
- Added smashed glass question, participants more likely to say they saw smashed glass when verb used is smashed
- Yuille & Cutshall - interviewed real witnesses of a bank robbery 4 months later, leading questions did not affect accuracy of recall
- Loftus & Palmer - stop/yield signs shown in a picture of a car crash, more likely to identify the wrong sign if a question is given with the wrong sign in it wording.
- Yuille & Cutshall - interviewed real witnesses of a bank robbery 4 months later, leading questions did not affect accuracy of recall
- Loftus & Palmer - participants had to estimate the speed of a car in a video of a car crash, verb in question was either smashed, hit, collided, contacted or bumped, smashed induced the highest estimates, and contacted the lowest.
- Anxiety - how fear and distress affects accuracy of recall
- Loftus - weapon-focus effect - man comes out of a room after an argument with either a pens and ink on his hands or a knife with blood on his hands, participants identify him out of 50 photos better in the pen condition.
- Yuille & Cutshall - most distressed eye witnesses had the most accurate recall
- Yerkes Dodson Law - there is a level of anxiety where memory is most efficient, but any more or less than that and your memory will be worse
- Loftus - weapon-focus effect - man comes out of a room after an argument with either a pens and ink on his hands or a knife with blood on his hands, participants identify him out of 50 photos better in the pen condition.
- Misleading Information - information which might affect an eye witness' recall
- Improving Eye Witness Testimony
- The Cognitive Interview
- Change Perspective - might remember things that were seen by the subconscious mind but would have been seen by another witness
- Report Everything - small details that may seem irrelevant could be useful and lead to other important information when thought about
- Mental Reinstatement of Context - state and context cues activated to uncover memories blocked retrieval failure
- Change Order - remember events in reverse chronological order, and certain events may have been missed, also uncovers lies about events
- Kebbel & Wagstaff - police don't always use all four components (usually only reinstate context and report everything) which will reduce the effectiveness.
- Milne & Bull - found that the combination of recall everything and mental reinstatement was just as effective as the full cognitive interview
- Has been used to improve interviewing techniques in Brazil, where interrogation and torture were often used
- The Cognitive Interview
- Multi-store Model - Atkinson & Shiffrin
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