Power Theories
- Created by: alsotheuniverse
- Created on: 02-03-19 18:11
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- POWER THEORIES
- Positive and Negative Politeness (Brown and Levinson)
- Negative politeness is formal politeness like using formal titles rather than first names
- It is generally used in formal situations
- Positive politeness is obvious and outright politeness like compliments and praise
- It is generally used among friends and family or adults and children
- Negative politeness is formal politeness like using formal titles rather than first names
- Dialogic Texts (Fairclough)
- Often used in advertisements
- Things are part of a continuum; a story that is started in one instance, then continued on in another.
- (Like the Compare the Market Meerkat adverts)
- It is also releveant in every day life
- You would not introduce yourself to your friends as you already know each other.
- Mirror Stage and Apperception (Lacan)
- This is often used in advertising where it is insinuated that everyone is doing something, so you should do so too.
- We see ourselves as objects that need to slot into society, so we need to look and behave in a certain way
- We are made to want to do anything to fit into this society
- For example, we NEED the perfect perfume.
- Accommodati-on Theory (Giles)
- Convergence
- Speaking similarly to others
- Divergence
- Speaking differently to others
- Upwards
- Speaking in a higher prestige
- Downwards
- Speaking in a lower prestige
- Convergence
- Power Bases (French and Raven)
- Legitimate
- A person has the 'right' to make demands and to expect compliance from others
- Reward
- The ability to reward someone for compliance
- Expert
- Having superior knowledge or skill in something
- Referent
- A person is valued or respected based on their attractiveness or cleverness etc.
- Coercive
- The ability to punish another for non-compliance
- Legitimate
- Grice's Maxims
- Quantity
- Only ever say what is needed, no more and no less
- Quality
- Ensure that what you say is true and supported by facts
- Manner
- Always be polite
- Relevance
- Only mention things that are relevant to the topic.
- Quantity
- Power in the Workplace (Tannen)
- Whereas the worker will be comfortable and familiar in their surroundings.
- As it is an every day occurrence for them.
- The idea that non-professionals will be unfamiliar and inexperienced in the environment and expectations of a workplace.
- As for them it is a 'once-in-a-blue-moon' occurrence.
- Whereas the worker will be comfortable and familiar in their surroundings.
- Members' Resources (Fairclough)
- In many situations the person with the most power is the most likely to be trusted and believed..
- Power in and behind the Discourse (Fairclough)
- The two ways in which a text can affect the reader:
- Whilst reading (power in the discourse)
- What is literally said in the text
- After reading (power behind the discourse)
- What is meant by the text
- Whilst reading (power in the discourse)
- The two ways in which a text can affect the reader:
- Language as a Tool of the Workplace (Vygotsky)
- Sophisticated or authoritative language ensures that one person is seen as in charge and in control by the other.
- For example, trying to appear under control at work in front of a customer.
- Linguistic Relativity and Determinism (Saphir-Whorf)
- Linguistic Determinism:
- Our thinking is limited by the words that we know
- Linguistic Relativity:
- People from other cultures will speak and therefore think differently to other cultures because they have different words
- Linguistic Determinism:
- Synthetic Personalisatio-n (Fairclough)
- When the speaker acts as though they know everyone personally, even though they do not.
- Very common in advertising and speeches.
- Positive and Negative Politeness (Brown and Levinson)
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