Psychology- Memory
- Created by: Claire_
- Created on: 10-03-13 14:37
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- Psychology- Memory
- Unit 1
- The multi-store model of memory- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- Short-term memory
- Mainly acoustic encoding
- Limited capacity
- Information can decay
- Sensory store
- Visual encoding
- Very brief capacity and duration
- Information can decay
- Long-term memory
- Mainly semantic encoding
- Unlimited capacity and duration
- Evaluation
- Made an important contribution to memory research.
- Plenty of evidence to support the distinction between short-term and long-term memory and the sensory store.
- Model is over-simplified, no account of the nature of things we have to remember.
- Evidence that simple repetition is one of the least effective ways of passing information on.
- Some evidence points to an interaction between STM and LTM.
- Much of the supporting evidence comes from artificial lab studies.
- Supporting research
- Sperling (1960)- Sensory store
- Peterson & Peterson (1959)- STM duration
- Jacobs (1887)- STM capacity
- Conrad (1964)- STM encoding
- Bahrick et al (1975)- LTM duration
- Baddeley (1966)- LTM encoding
- Short-term memory
- The multi-store model of memory- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- Unit 2
- The working model of memory
- According to Baddeley and Hitch, working memory is a complex and flexible system comprised of three main components
- Central Executive
- Considered the most important part of the working memory
- Sets goals
- Monitoring and correcting errors
- Switching attention between tasks
- Inhibiting irrelevant information
- Retrieving information from LTM
- Slave system 1
- Phonological Loop- holds verbal information in a speech-based form
- It consists of two parts
- Phonological store- inner ear
- Articulatory control system- inner voice
- Slave system 2
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad- holds visual and spatial information
- Episodic Buffer- bind together all the other information
- Central Executive
- Supporting research
- Phonological loop
- Thomson and Buchanan (1975)
- Articulatory loop
- Baddeley et al (1975)
- The working model of memory
- Dual Task Method
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Baddeley, Grant, Wright and Thomson (1973)
- Shepard and Feng (1972)
- Central Executive
- Baddeley (1999)
- Phonological loop
- Evaluation
- Berz (1995) criticised the model for failing to account for musical memory; we are able to listen to instrumental music.
- Working models do not offer a complete understanding of how memory works.
- Possible to apply the model to previous research data.
- Accounts for individual differences in memory processing.
- More plausible model than the multi-store model of memory; explains STM in terms of both storage and active processing.
- Attempts to explain how the memory functions rather than how it 'store' information.
- According to Baddeley and Hitch, working memory is a complex and flexible system comprised of three main components
- The working model of memory
- Unit 3
- Eyewitness testimony (EWT)
- EWT is the evidence given in court or in police investigations by someone who has witnessed a crime or acciddent
- Supporting research
- Loftus (1975)- Post-event information and leading questions
- Loftus and Zanni (1975)
- Loftus and Palmer (1974)
- Other factors affecting eyewitness testimony
- Anxiety
- Foster et al. (1994)
- Loftus and Burns (1982)
- Age
- Flin et al. (1992)
- Poole
- Gordon et al. (2001)
- Davies (1994)
- Yarmey (1984)
- Cohen and Faulkner (1989)
- Anxiety
- The cognitive interview
- Context reinstatement
- Report everything
- Recall from a changed perspective
- Recall in reverse order
- Supporting research
- Koehnken et al. (1999)
- Fisher et al. (1990)
- Milne and Bull (2002)
- Geiselman (1999)
- Eyewitness testimony (EWT)
- Unit 4
- Memory improvement
- Keyword technique
- Method of loci
- Peg-word system
- Face-name system
- Acronym
- Acrostic
- Memory improvement
- Unit 1
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