Republican Rule 1649-60

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  • Republican rule, 1649-60
    • Radical political and religious groups
      • 1649-53, Commonwealth
        • Growth of religious radicalism within the army
        • Growing religious and social radicalism
          • Fifth Monarchists
            • Involved in nominated assembly
          • Ranters
          • Seekers
          • Quakers
        • Attempts from conservatives within the Rump, Nominated Assembly and Protectorate to impose a religious settlement
        • Levellers
          • Active from 1645
          • Released pamphlets wanting a widening of voting franchise, new elections and equality under the law
            • An Agreement of the People
          • Particularly influential after the Civil War
            • Within New Model Army and involved in the Putney Debates ans Mutiney of Leveller soldiers at burford May 1649
        • Diggers
          • Active 1649
          • Claimed land ownership was based on man-made laws invalidated by the king's death
          • Set up rural communes
      • 1653-60, Protectorate
        • Attempts by conservatives to impose a religious settlement
        • James Nayler Case
        • Commonwealthmen disrupt the first protectorate parliament
        • Commonswealthmen create a common cause with the army during the second sitting of the Second protectorate parliament
    • Role of Cromwell
      • Stability
        • Helped to stabilise the republican government
          • Neutralised military threat from Scotland and Ireland
        • Dampened radical-conservative tensions
          • Became more acute after his death
        • Not accepting the throne
          • Humble petition
          • There would have been likely opposition from the republicans and army if he did
      • Instability
        • Dependent on military power
        • Unclear plans for religion
          • Wanted godly reformation but unsure how
        • Opposition to the Instrument of Government 1653
        • Alienated Levellers, republicans and religious radicals which caused ongoing instability
        • Rule of the Major-Generals was unpopular
        • Opposition to Humble petition
        • refusal to be king
          • Could have created a new constitution with a limited monarchy
        • Appointment of Richard
    • Military involvement 1646-60
      • Policitisation of the army from 1647 and influence on Levellers
        • Pride's purge
      • Dissolving of the Rump
      • Instrument of Government
      • Major-Generals
      • Ending the Protectorate
      • Loyalty of army to Cromwell
    • Restoration of the monarchy
      • Richard discusses reducing army
      • Army council restored and pressures Richard to dissolve third protectorate parliament
      • Richard resigns
      • Rump recalled 1659
      • Rump purge army of protectorate supporters
      • Army stop rump from meeting
        • Set up Committee of Public Safety
      • Monck decalred for rump and marches into England
    • Unstable Republican Government
      • Minority carried out the trial and execution of king
        • Lack of legitimacy
      • Dynamic of opposition
        • Army, MPs and public
      • Radical v moderate views
      • Cromwell was invaluable to Republicasn rule
      • Constitution had no precedent for the system of government
      • Ongoing divides amongst moderates
      • Commonswealthmen join with army who were unhappy
      • James Nayler Case
      • Major-Generals was unpopular
    • Threat from Royalists
      • Royalist support from Ireland and Scotland
      • Minority revolution so never spread

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