resp system

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  • Respiratory Phys
    • structure
      • upper
        • nose
          • warms air and traps debris
        • oral cavity
        • phraynx
        • upper larynx
      • lower
        • lower larynx
        • trachea - c shaped hyaline cartalige rings
        • broncus
        • bronci
          • lobar, segmental
        • broncioles
        • alveoli
          • type 1 cells
            • squamous gas exhnage cells
          • type 2 cells
            • separate type 1, rounded
            • microvilli + secrte fluid
          • macrophages and fibroblasts
      • function
        • conducting region
          • broncus
          • trachea - c shaped hyaline cartalige rings
          • bronci
            • lobar, segmental
        • respiratory region
          • broncioles
          • alveoli
            • type 1 cells
              • squamous gas exhnage cells
            • type 2 cells
              • separate type 1, rounded
              • microvilli + secrte fluid
            • macrophages and fibroblasts
          • Respiratory Membrane – Four layers that extend from alveolar air space to blood plasma 1. Alveolar Wall 2. Epithelial Basement Membrane 3. Capillary Basement Membrane 4. Capillary Endothelium
        • internal respiration = gas exchange from blood to tissue
        • external resp = gas exchnage alveoli to blood
    • pressures and volume
      • henrys law
        • w: The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility
      • boyles law
        • at fixed temp product of PV = constant
      • daltons law
        • mix of gases pp = sum of all individual gases
      • inspiration
        • diaphragm contracts and ribs pull up
        • volume increases decresing pressure - air pulled in
      • exhalation
        • elastic recoil of diaphram = decreases volume = increasing pressure
    • rate of airflow and ventilation
      • compliance
        • higher compliance = better ventilation
      • airway resistance
      • alveolar surface tension
        • caused by polar water moles being attracted to each other decreasing diameter
          • helped with superfacnt
      • gas exchange
        • H+D laws
        • pp of gases
        • MW of mols
          • O2 has a lower MW than CO2 • However, CO2 is more soluble than O2 (~24 times greater) • As such, CO2 diffuses outward ~20 times faster than inward O
        • surface area
        • diffusion distance
    • heamaglobin
      • corporative brinding of o2
        • The HIGHER the PO2 the MORE O2 that binds
        • • Amount of O2 in the blood is not affected by small fluctuations in PO2 in the alveolar air
      • bohr effect- lower PH = less o2 assosiation
        • more relase at acidic tissues
      • pp of co2 == can decrease o2 transport
      • 2-3BPG = decreases Haems aff for o2 - fetous dont have 2-3BPG
    • Control of breathing
      • stimuli
        • PH
          • central chemreceptors = detect pco2 and H+
            • strongest effect
            • csf
            • increase  in PH = increaed activity at recetport = increse firing = increase stim of vent centers
              • = increase in vent -= lower PH
          • pheriphral - Po2
            • • Vascular stasis (decreased blood flow to the carotid) • Cyanide – prevents O2 utilization at tissue level • Nicotine – in sufficient amounts • Exercise – due to increased [K+ ]
        • BP
          • barao receptros
          • quiet breathing = DRG
            • activates
              • insp
                • chemo
            • negitive feedback
              • exp
                • mechno receptros
        • stretch receptors in lungs
      • quiet breathing = DRG
        • activates
          • insp
            • chemo
        • negitive feedback
          • exp
            • mechno receptros
      • VRG= forced breahting
        • fine tuned by the pons

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