Russian History. Theme 3 - Control
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- Created on: 06-04-18 13:58
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- Russia History: Theme 3 - Control
- Mass Media & Propaganda
- Newspapers
- Press Freedom
- November 1917 - All non-socialist newspapers banned.
- By 1920 all non-Bolshevik newspapers were banned
- Printing Press nationalised
- All editors and journalists employed by the government
- Daily newspapers
- Pravda (Truth)
- Newspaper of the CP
- Circulation of 10.7 million by 1983
- Izvestiya (News)
- Newspaper of the Government
- Cheap to buy and widely available, acting as an instrument of propaganda, agitation and organisation
- Pravda (Truth)
- Newspaper of the CP
- Circulation of 10.7 million by 1983
- Pravda (Truth)
- Pravda (Truth)
- Newspaper topics
- Carried details about soviet achievement
- Production figures about economic plans exceeding their targets
- Prohibited topics like plane crashes and natural disasters
- Press Freedom
- Radio
- Development
- By 1922 Moscow had a well developed radio station
- Loudspeakers installed in factories, public places and clubs
- Spoken Newspaper of the Russian Telegraph Agency
- Featured news and propaganda material
- New apartment blocks wired for radio reception
- Radio Stations
- Until 1964 there was only 1 radio station
- Under Brezhnev, this was extended to 3
- Radio Maiak (Lighthouse) played foreign music, popular with the youth
- Tried to restrict access to foreign stations by mass producing cheap radios with weak reception
- Development
- Television
- Development
- In 1950, the USSR at 10,000 sets
- By 1958 the number of TV's were over 3 million
- By the early 1980's. most of the rural population had a TV
- Channels
- Mix of news, documentaries on the achievements of socialism, and cultural programmes
- Presented life under Socialism as joyous, and life under Capitalism as poor
- By 1985 there were two channels with a greater focus on entertainment
- Development
- Newspapers
- Cult of Personality
- Stalin
- Imagery
- Presented as an all-present all-knowing leader
- Defender of Socialism
- Stalin in military uniform during WW2
- Titles and sayings
- Presented as Lenin's closest colleague - 'Stalin is the Lenin of today'
- Tsaristyn renamed Stalingrad in 1925
- Titles such as 'Brilliant Genius of Humanity' and 'Gardener of Human Happiness'
- Texts
- Records of speeches produced and distrubuted
- Poems like 'Song about Stalin' by M. Izakovosky
- Helped to reinforce his personal dictatorship
- Imagery
- Khrushchev
- Originally criticised Stalin;s use of a personality cult in his 1956 Secret Speech
- Representation
- Allowed him to be seen as an important party figure
- Suited his stlye of leadership, which involved him meeting Soviet citizens
- Visits on Peasant farms were photo oppertunities
- Brezhnev
- Brezhnev's cult was more of a substitute for power, than a method for securing power
- Gave him symbols of power without having to excersise it
- Awards
- Brezhnev was awarded around 100 awards
- Untitled
- Lenin
- After Death
- After his burial he was hailed as a hero of the revolution
- Newspapers, statues and cinemas featured many images of Lenin
- His body was on display in the mausoleum in Red Square
- After Death
- Stalin
- Religion
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Ideology
- To the Bolsheviks, the Church provided an alternative ideology to that of Marxism
- It was seen as a threat to Socialist ideology
- Rights of individuals contrasted to the socialist collective mentality
- Power of the church posed a threat to socialist values and government control
- Measures to limit control
- 1918 Decree on Freedom of Conscious - separated Church from the state, losing its status. Deprived them of land and publications
- Churches destroyed or converted
- League of Militant Godless established in 1929 as a Propaganda campaign against religion
- Campaign to replace Baptism with 'Octoberings'
- Ideology
- Religion under Stalin
- Before German Invasion
- Priests labelled as kulaks and deported
- Further attacks on the church during the Great Purge
- By 1939 only 12/163 bishops were still at liberty
- After German Invasion
- Due to their support during WW2, Stalin took a more liberal approach to the church
- Patriarchate was re-established
- Several churches reopened
- New seminaries were set up to train priests
- Before German Invasion
- Religion under Krushchev
- Very anti-religious - pursued a programme of repression
- 1958 Anti-religious campaign
- Role of priest limited to spirutual advice only
- Parish councils placed under Party control
- 10,000 churches closed within 4 years
- Religion under Brezhnev
- Saw the damage of religious persecution did to their reputation, and so was happy to let them to act within its defined limits
- Council of Religious Affairs
- monitored religious services so they stayed loyal to socialism
- Expected t ostick to formal church services and support Soviet policies
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Secret Police
- Yagoda: 1934-36
- Expansion of the Gulag
- Transformed into a vast system of forced labour to support industrialisation
- Camps to exploit economic resources
- Labour camps positioned in hostile environments
- Completion of the White Sea Canal used 180,000 gulag labourers
- Secret Police
- Used his influence with Stalin to deal with opponents without notice from regular courts
- Arrested those within the Party who were accused of Trotsykite opposition
- He was eventually recriminated himself, removed from office and then shot in 1938
- Expansion of the Gulag
- Yezhov: 1936-38
- NKVD went under most execssive stage of purging
- Gulag
- Issued orders in 1937 that camps need to meet quotas for the execution of presioners
- Prisoners rose highly
- Secret Police
- Process of arrest, trial and imprisonment was sped up
- Group of people considered opponents widened to anyone who weren't committed to the revolution
- Accused of bieng responsible for the ecessive purges and was removed from office
- Surveillance of the public increased - system of informers and plain-clothes police officers were used
- Beria: 1938-53
- Secret Police
- Saw indiscriminate arrests wer einefficient
- Reintroduced more conventional methods - trials were only held were evidence was available
- Surveillance continued, but only led to arrests if there was evidence
- Gulag
- Wanted to make it a profitable part of the economy
- Food rations improve to make prisoners more productive
- Early releases were cancelled so that prisoners expertise could be continued to be used
- Contribution to the economy rose from 2 billion roubles in 1937 to 4.5 billion roubles in 1940
- Secret Police
- Responsibility for Terror
- Stalin
- Signed many death warrants
- Gave the NKVD quotas
- Essential part of Stalins policies
- Reflceted Stalin's paranoid personality
- Secret Police
- The leaders all owe their position to Stalin, and had sadistic tendencies, adding names to the list
- Infleunce over the implementation of terror and the operation of the gulag
- Stalin
- Yagoda: 1934-36
- Dissidents and Disconent
- Types of dissidents
- Intellectuals
- Those who have high status, which has encouraged them to develop independent ideas
- e.g. Andrei Sakharov, nuclear scientist
- Political Dissidents
- Those who tried to hold the government to the account of its own laws
- Nationalists
- Groups of Ukraniuans, Latvians, Lithanians and Georgians who have called for greater status for their culture, languag etc
- Religious Dissidents
- Baptists and Catholics who faced restricitons
- e.e. group of Jews called Refuseniks - denied to visit Israel
- Intellectuals
- Action and Impact of the Dissidents
- Actions taken
- Surveillance and harassment against suspected dissidents
- Use of psychiatric hospitals run by the NKVD
- Internal exile
- Intellectuals threatened with expulsion from their organisation
- Houses searched and items confiscated
- Impact
- Court cases created bad publicity, which tarnished their reputation
- The dissidents had little suport from the general public, and they never threatened the social and political stability
- They struggled to organise public demonstrations
- By 1970's Andropovs measures had succeeded in keeping them small and divided
- Actions taken
- Continued monitering of discontent
- Clamp down on alcohilsm and absanteeism in the workplace
- Spot checks on factory workers
- Andarpov visited factories himself
- Appointment of new government ministers to tap into public concerns
- Promotion of younger, reformist generation, which included Gorbachev
- Types of dissidents
- Cutlure and Arts
- Prolekult, avant-garde and Socialist Realism
- Bolshevik attitudes
- Culture was vital but subordinate to class conflict
- Commissariat of Enlightenment set up in 1917 to support and encourage artists
- Prolekult
- Promoted by Bogdanov, who thought there should be a Proletarian culture, top serve a social and political purpose
- Wokeres and peasants encouraged to produce their own culture
- Constructivists - aimed to create a new socialist culture to challenge high culture
- Magazine 'Smithy' was produced, which had poems about machines and factories
- Avant-Garde
- Wave of experimentation to sweep away the old world
- Coupled with Futurism to picture images of the future
- Mayakosky produced slogans and posters for the government
- Eisenstein led the wave of experimentation in cinema, with movies like Strike in 1924
- Socialist Realism
- Art that presented idealised images of life under Socialism, to inspire the population
- Headed by the Union of Soviet Writers
- Art projected images of life under the Five Year Plans
- Literature emphasised on the heroes connected to the party
- Stalinist baroque architecture (wedding cake)
- Bolshevik attitudes
- Noncomformity in the 50's
- Stalin's last years
- Despite signs of liberalisation, western culture was condemned
- Campaign launched in 1946 to remove aspects of bourgeois culture from the west
- Impact of Destalinisation
- Allowed works to be published that had previously been banned e.g. works by Isaac Babel
- Writers began to explore themes like adultery and divorce, going against Socialist Realism
- Soviet youth became influenced by music from the west
- Under Brezhnev
- Narrowed the boundaries of what was acceptable after Khrushchevs cultural thaw
- Culture conntinued with propaganda on the achievements of socialism
- Culture had become more conservative by the 70's
- Youth continued to be influenced by the west
- Stalin's last years
- Clashes with Government
- Khrushchev
- Abstract art was disliked by Khrushchev, as shown in 1962 when he visited an exhibition hall
- Komsomol groups were instructed to patrol streets to report on the youth who's behavour was unacceptable
- Became less tolerant of nonconformity near the end of his tenure
- Control and further clampdown
- Those who served the interests of the state were rewarded
- Those who strayed away from what was acceptable were visited from government officials
- Khrushchev
- Prolekult, avant-garde and Socialist Realism
- Mass Media & Propaganda
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