russification
- Created by: tash.baines
- Created on: 02-06-21 23:57
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- Russification
- tsarist Russia was multi-national empire
- inhabited by over 100 different ethnic groups
- Slavs (in Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia) made up 2/3 of population
- remaining peoples were mixture of different nationalities, languages, religions and cultural traditions
- posed a continual challenge for tsarist autocracy
- various ethnic groups asserted distinctive identities
- inhabited by over 100 different ethnic groups
- Alex II and ethnic minorities
- used a mixture of repression and concessions to maintain Russian control over empire states
- example of repression
- firmly suppressed Polish rebellion of 1863-1864
- examples of concessions
- decrees of 1864 and 1875 allowed Latvians and Estonians to readopt Lutheranism instead of Orthodoxy
- allowed Finns to have their own diet
- no systematic persecution of racial minorities
- national difference intolerance increased during period of increased reaction towards the end of Alex's reign
- use of Ukrainian in publications or performances banned in 1876
- Russification under Alex III
- extended intolerance
- adopted a systematic policy of cultural Russification
- sought to merge tsar's subjects into a single nation with a feeling of shared identity
- controlled by autocracy and orthodox church
- sought to merge tsar's subjects into a single nation with a feeling of shared identity
- destruction of non-Russian cultures in the empire
- Finland
- weakened diet
- increased demand of Russian use
- abolished Finnish postal service
- Russian coinage replaced local currency
- Poland
- changed administration
- closed national bank
- schools and unis had to teach almost all subjects in Russian
- literature studied in Russian
- Baltic
- Russian enforced
- state offices
- school and uni
- police force and judicial system
- Russian enforced
- Ukraine
- use of Ukrainian limited
- closed all theatres
- Finland
- adopted a systematic policy of cultural Russification
- conscription extended to previously exempt areas
- conscripts dispersed to prevent national groupings developing in army
- ethnic uprisings crushed
- adherence to orthodox church encouraged
- laws benefited orthodox faith whereas freedom of non-orthodox believers restricted
- extended intolerance
- results of Russification
- unrest and disturbances broke out in many provinces and districts
- quickly suppressed
- resentment grew among educated and wealthy non-Russian countries in west
- national groups constantly petitioned tsars for more liberties
- local language books secretly published
- some thnic schools survived
- Russification supporters believed it was necessary
- united country
- improved administration
- allowed for modernisation
- failures
- long-term objectives
- increased national feeling among ethnic minorities
- fuelled political opposition
- unrest and disturbances broke out in many provinces and districts
- tsarist Russia was multi-national empire
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