Social Influence Mindmap
- Created by: zahraaffs
- Created on: 02-04-19 15:08
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- Social Influence
- Conformity
- Types & Explanations
- Internalization
- Compliance
- Informational Social Influence (ISI)
- Asch (1995)
- Lucas et al. (2006)
- Perrin & Spencer (1980)
- 'Two-process' approach is oversimplified
- Normative Social Influence (NSI)
- Asch (1951)
- McGhee & Teevan (1967)
- Normative Social Influence (NSI)
- Normative Social Influence (NSI)
- Asch (1951)
- McGhee & Teevan (1967)
- Identification
- Asch's Research
- 123 American males completed 12 critical trials in groups of confederates. Results showed 75% conformed at least once, mainly due to NSI.
- Perrin & Spencer (1980)
- Artificial situations & tasks
- Neto (1995)
- Williams & Sogon (1984)
- Deception
- Group size, unanimity & task difficulty affect conformity levels.
- 123 American males completed 12 critical trials in groups of confederates. Results showed 75% conformed at least once, mainly due to NSI.
- Zimbardo's Research
- Investigated whether brutality of prison guards was due to sadistic personalities or the environment.
- Internal validity
- 24 'emotionally stable' students were randomly assigned roles of guards or prisoners.
- Banuazizi & Mohavedi (1975)
- Deindividuation
- Fromm (1973)
- The study was stopped after 6 days instead of the planned 14 days as 'prisoners' began to experience anxiety/depression & the more guards identified with their roles, the more brutal & aggressive their behaviour became.
- Reicher & Haslam (2006)
- Tajfel's (1981) Social Identity Theory (SIT)
- Ethical issues
- Investigated whether brutality of prison guards was due to sadistic personalities or the environment.
- Types & Explanations
- Obedience
- Milgram's Research
- 40 male participants aged 20-50 played the role of a teacher & shocked the confederate whenever they gave a wrong answer.
- Orne & Holland (1968)
- Sheridan & King (1972)
- The researcher used prods such as 'It is absolutely essential that you continue.' if the participant felt hesitant to shock the confederate.
- 65% of participants continued all the way to 450 volts.
- Hofling et al. (1966)
- Social Identity Theory (SIT) is an alternative explanation.
- Haslam & Reicher (2012)
- Participants were debriefed. A follow-up questionnaire found 84% felt glad they participated & 74% felt they learnt something.
- Baumrind (1964)
- 40 male participants aged 20-50 played the role of a teacher & shocked the confederate whenever they gave a wrong answer.
- Situational Variables
- Proximity decreased obedience levels significantly.
- Miranda et al. (1981)
- Location affected obedience levels.
- Smith & Bond (1998)
- Proximity decreased obedience levels significantly.
- Miranda et al. (1981)
- Location affected obedience levels.
- Smith & Bond (1998)
- Uniform was shown to act as a strong visual authority symbol & a cue to behave in an obedient manner.
- Bickman (1974)
- Orne & Holland (1968)
- Uniform was shown to act as a strong visual authority symbol & a cue to behave in an obedient manner.
- Control of variables
- Uniform was shown to act as a strong visual authority symbol & a cue to behave in an obedient manner.
- Bickman (1974)
- Orne & Holland (1968)
- Uniform was shown to act as a strong visual authority symbol & a cue to behave in an obedient manner.
- Smith & Bond (1998)
- Location affected obedience levels.
- Conclusions of study provide an 'obedience alibi'. e.g. Holocaust.
- Miranda et al. (1981)
- Proximity decreased obedience levels significantly.
- Control of variables
- Smith & Bond (1998)
- Location affected obedience levels.
- Conclusions of study provide an 'obedience alibi'. e.g. Holocaust.
- Miranda et al. (1981)
- Proximity decreased obedience levels significantly.
- Social-Psychological Factors
- Agentic state
- Blass & Schmidt (2001)
- Autonomous state
- Agentic shift
- Hofling et al. (1966)
- Mandel (1998)
- Binding factors
- We obey people at the top of the hierarchy
- Kilham & Mann (1974)
- Kelman & Hamilton (1989)
- Authorities have legitimacy through society's agreement
- We hand over control of our behaviour to authority figures due to trust & through upbringing.
- Mantell (1971)
- Charismatic leaders use their legitimate powers for destructive purposes.
- Agentic state
- Dispositional Factors
- Adorno et al. (1950) wanted to understand the anti-Semitism of the Holocaust.
- Authoritarian personality includes extreme respect for authority & contempt for 'inferiors'. This originates in childhood due to overly strict parenting. Hostility towards parents is displaced onto those who are socially inferior.
- Elms & Milgram (1966)
- Correlation doesn't mean causation
- Social Identity Theory (SIT) is an alternative explanation.
- 2000 middle-class white Americans completed the F-scale and those who scored high identified with 'strong' people & were contemptuous of the 'weak'.
- Christie & Jahoda (1954)
- Greenstein (1969)
- Milgram's Research
- Influence
- Resistance to Social Influence
- Conformity & obedience are reduced by a dissenting peer (social support). This effect is temporary.
- Allen & Levine (1971)
- Gamson et al. (1982)
- Rotter 's LOC (1966) proposed internals place control with themselves, whereas externals place control outside themselves. There is a continuum. Internals are found to show greater resistance to social influence.
- Holland (1967)
- Twenge et al. (2004)
- Rotter (1982)
- Conformity & obedience are reduced by a dissenting peer (social support). This effect is temporary.
- Minority Influence
- A minority changes the opinions of others through internalization.
- Martin et al. (2003)
- Artificial tasks
- Moscovici's variations
- Limited real-life application
- Consistency
- Commitment
- Flexibility
- Snowball effect
- Moscovici et al.'s (1969) blue-green slide study found consistent minority group had a greater effect on other people than an inconsistent opinion.
- Wood et al. (1994)
- A minority changes the opinions of others through internalization.
- Social influence & change
- 1) Drawing attention through social proof.
- Nolan et al. (2008)
- Bashir et al. (2013)
- Artificial tasks
- 2) Consistency
- 3) Deeper processing
- Mackie (1987)
- 4) Augmentation principle
- 5) Snowball effect
- Nemeth (1986)
- 1) Drawing attention through social proof.
- 6) Social cryptomnesia
- Resistance to Social Influence
- Conformity
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