spoken language
- Created by: esmergency
- Created on: 07-01-24 19:59
View mindmap
- Language and Occupation
- Maxims
- Quantity - not saying more nor less than what is needed
- Quality - should be truthful
- Relevance - must be relevant to ongoing context
- Manner - avoid ambiguity and obscurity
- Conversation Theory
- Accommodation theory - Howard Giles 1970 'we accommodate our audience'
- convergence - move language to match that of their audience. Divergence - moves language away from that of their audience.
- Downward convergence - accent more regional, try to wipe out RP elements Upward convergence - more refined accent, try to wipe out regional elements Mutual convergence - both parties alter speech
- Key Terms
- implacature - seem like you are not cooperating but actually you are; this relies on shared understanding
- politeness - broad term for the sensitivity we show others in conversation
- FACE- Irving Goffman 1955
- we present an image of ourselves to others that changes in different situations cooperation principle says we respect and accept peoples presentation of face
- FTA-refusing the face we are being offered and mocking or challenging it (rare as people dont want there face challenged)(maintains status)
- we present an image of ourselves to others that changes in different situations cooperation principle says we respect and accept peoples presentation of face
- Politeness- Brown and Levinson 1987
- Negative politeness; Shown when we want to avoid intruding on others lives e.g excuse me before speaking Results in indirect language that is apologetic and respectful Keeping titles e.g miss
- positive politeness. 1. show people they are liked and admired 2. compliments 3. social superior reducing distance
- Robin Lakoff 1973 POLITENESS PRINCIPLE
- 3 conversation rules followed; 1. dont impose - 2. give options 3. make the receiver feel good - things we say to show appreciation
- Transcript Symbols
- (.) - short pause. (3)-indicates pause length in seconds Wor- -= speech has been cut off (word)=a guess of what might have been said () impossible to work out what was said word - underlined= loudness of word - underlined and bold to = shout or exclamation arrows pointing out = slower speech, pointing in = faster speech
- Conversational Structures
- Topic shifts- topic is changed Topic loop - returning to an earlier topic Repair - a correction usually on facts
- Closings, farewells, summing up,phatic remarks Non-verbal - packing up
- Feedback - show speaker listener is paying attention: Back channeling 'gasp,sigh,mm'(utterance) Non verbal: 'nodding, expressions
- Openers - hI,im,wave Turn taking: verbal/non verbal cues , Q and A, tag questions mentioning names, invitations, concluding statement, a falling voice/ drawn out syllable, eye movement, lean forward interruption Adjacency pairs: 2 part exchange follows predictable pattern
- Maxims
Comments
No comments have yet been made