THE SELF
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- Created on: 29-05-19 09:58
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- THE SELF
- concept of the self and self-concept
- existential self
- most basic part of the self-concept
- realisation that we exist as a separate entity from others
- according to Lewis (1990) infants as young as 3 months old begin to understand their relationship with the world
- realisation that we exist as a separate entity from others
- Carl Rogers (1995) and the self
- Rogers views the individual as having the greatest knowledge about themselves and that they are the best person to judge their own feelings
- self concept
- self image - the view you have of your self
- how you see yourself in the present moment
- own perception and has no real basis in reality
- affected by parental influences, friends, social ect...
- self-esteem/worth - how much value you place on yourself
- invovles a degree of evaluation could be either positive or negative
- high self-esteem - have positive view leads to confidence in own abilities, being optimistic and self acceptence
- if lack self-esteem will have negative view of self and leads to lack of confidence, being pessimistic and wanting to be like others
- reaction of others
- comparison with others
- social role
- social roles
- identification
- reaction of others
- ideal self - what you wish you were really like
- sometimes the way we see ourselves does not match what we would like to look like
- if there is a mismatch between the two this is likely to affect how we value ourselves
- self image - the view you have of your self
- categorical self
- refers to how the child becomes aware that they are an object in the world
- just as other objects including people have properties that can be experiences (big,small ect.) the child also becomes aware of this
- in early childhood, the categories cchildren apply to themselves are very concrete (hair colour, gender)
- Carl Rogers (1995) and the self
- Rogers views the individual as having the greatest knowledge about themselves and that they are the best person to judge their own feelings
- self concept
- self image - the view you have of your self
- how you see yourself in the present moment
- own perception and has no real basis in reality
- affected by parental influences, friends, social ect...
- self-esteem/worth - how much value you place on yourself
- invovles a degree of evaluation could be either positive or negative
- high self-esteem - have positive view leads to confidence in own abilities, being optimistic and self acceptence
- if lack self-esteem will have negative view of self and leads to lack of confidence, being pessimistic and wanting to be like others
- reaction of others
- comparison with others
- social role
- social roles
- identification
- reaction of others
- ideal self - what you wish you were really like
- sometimes the way we see ourselves does not match what we would like to look like
- if there is a mismatch between the two this is likely to affect how we value ourselves
- self image - the view you have of your self
- congruence and in-congruence
- incongruence - there is a difference between a persons ideal self and actual experiences.
- congruence - where a persons ideal self and their actual experiences are consistent or very similar.
- Rogers believed that..
- unconditional postitive regard - helps increase congruence as no matter what - they will be loved
- conditional postitive regard - does not help because the child believes that it needs to earn love and everything else in life so its earliest roots start in childhood
- Self-actualisation
- is the process of reaching our potential in life, becoming all that we can
- Rogers believed we are born with it
- existential self
- The role of identity and free will in the development of the self
- free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and free to chose our behaviour
- Erikson (1959) and the eight stages of identity development
- during each stage, the person experiences a psychological crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development
- describes how personality develops and changes thourghout the course of an entire lifespan
- according to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality
- failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages resulting in unhealth personality and sense of self
- while each stage builds on the experiences of earlier stages, Erikson did not believe that mastering each stage was necessary to move on to the next stage
- THE 8 STAGES
- TRUST OR MISTRUST - 0-2 hope
- successful -develop a sense of trust
- unsuccessful - leads to sense of distrust and doesnt want to depend on others
- AUTONOMY OR SHAME AND DOUBT - 2-4 Will
- successful - develop a sense of independence and personal control
- unsuccessful - left with feelings of doubt and shame over own abilities
- INITIATIVE OR GUILT - 4-5 Purpose
- successful - develp a sense of purpose and a motive
- unsuccessful - feelings of guilt and a lack of initiative
- INDUSTRY OR INFERIORITY - 5-12 Competence
- successful - leads to feelings of competence
- unsuccessful - leads to feelings of inferiority
- IDENTITY OR ROLE CONFUSION - 12-19 Fidelity
- successful - teens develop a strong sense of self
- teens may emerge from the stage not sure who they are
- INTIMACY OR ISOLATION - 20-40 Love
- successful - form loving and lasting relationships
- unsuccessful - lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation
- GENERATIVITY OR STAGNATION - 40-65 Care
- successful - sense of accomplishment
- unsuccessful - feel uninvolved in the world
- INTEGRITY OR DESPAIR - 65-Death Wisdom
- successful - look back in satisfaction on life
- unsuccessful - look back on life with regret sorrow and bitterness
- TRUST OR MISTRUST - 0-2 hope
- strengths and weaknesses
- Strengths
- its ability to tie together important psychological development across an entire lifespan
- generally accepted that people do develop and show significant psychological changes through life
- weaknesses
- does not say much about the underlying cause of each development crisis
- somewhat vague about each stage
- lacks any objective way to determine if a person has passed or failed
- Neugarten (1975) found men - 30 - wed older
- Strengths
- Baumeister (2008) and the consequences of belief in free will
- the deterministic position leaves no room for free human choice - inevitable
- however, Sartre argued passionately in favour of human freedom
- baumeister wanted to find evidence explaining the difference between free and unfree actions
- claims a belief in free will can help an individuals self-control - having multiple benefits
- those with self-control and willpower use inner strength to fend off strong temptations and cope with crises
- strengths and weaknesses of Baumeister
- Vohs and Schooler (2008) found that participants who were lead to disbelieve in free will were subsequently more likely that a control to cheat on a test
- Baumeister et al. (2006) found causing participants to disbelieve in free will made them more aggressive and less helpfull towards others
- to expect moral responsibility, one must accept the concept of free will
- if an individuals behaviour is determined by forces beyond an individuals control, then the individual cannot be held responsible
- Skinner argued that free will is an illusion and that our behavior is in fact environmentally determined
- many psychologists do not favour a deterministic point of view. if behaviour is determined by outside forces, that provides a potential excuse for criminal acts
- Deterministic - opposite of free will - unavoidable
- The Humanistic Theory of Self
- people are responsible for their lives and actions and have the freedom and will to change their attitudes and behaviour
- assumption that people have free will
- our self-esteem and personality ae consequences of free choice made by us
- Rogers (1951): humanistic theory
- his theory is based off the premise that people are basically good
- viewed the child as having two basic needs :
- positive regard from others
- conditional
- where approval and praise depends on the child
- loved on conditions
- unconditional
- where parents and significant others accept and love you for who you are
- not withdrawn if something goes wrong
- more able to self-actualise
- conditional
- self-worth
- high self worth
- has confident and positive feelings
- accepts failure and unhappiness at times
- faces challenges in life
- open with people
- low self worth
- avoid challenges in life
- not accept that life can be painful and unhappy at times
- defensive and guarded with other people
- developed in early childhood
- interactions with the world affect our self-worth
- high self worth
- positive regard from others
- strengths and weaknesses
- gave us better insight into an individuals behaviour
- helped provide a more holistic view of human behaviour
- real-life application
- lack of precision and unscientific approach
- some terms and concepts are too subjective
- according to this theory psychopathy does not make sense
- Maslow (1943): Hierarchy of needs
- He stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and some take prioety over others
- made up of 5 needs:
- 1) Biological and physiological needs
- 2) safety needs
- 3) love and belonging
- 4) esteem needs
- self-actualisation
- rather that focusing on whats wrong, maslow formulated a more positive account
- interested in human potential and how we fulfill it
- specified that human motivation is based on personal growth present throughout life
- self-actualised peopel are those who have fulfilled potential and doing all they are capable of
- Maslow believed that only 2% of everyone in the world would reach self-actualisation
- strengths and weaknesses
- focuses on awareness of emotions
- applied universally
- extremely subjective as it is based on opinion of reseacher entirely
- not scientific fact but subjective opinion
- Maslow states that lower needs before being able to achieve potential. this is nont always the case
- How personality can be measured
- psychologists seek to measure personality through many methods
- the most common of which are scales that determine someones personality trait
- personality scales
- rating scale - present users with an item and ask them to select from many choices
- its options represent degrees of a characteristic
- used by observers and by inderviduals for self-reporting
- rating scale - present users with an item and ask them to select from many choices
- personaity types
- openness - being honest, as in you try not to hide anything
- conscientiousness - being careful, such as wanting to do well ina task
- extraversion - someone who is sociable
- agreeableness - being warm, friendly and gets along well with others
- neuroticism - having anxiety, fear, anger, frustration and loneliness
- sensing and intuition refer to how people prefer to gather information about the world
- use of trait theory as a measure of personality
- this approach assumes that behaviour is determined by traits
- Allport (1936): cardinal, central and secondary personality traits
- categorised 4,000 words for personality into three groups
- cardinial - traits that dominate an individuals life
- central - general characteristic that form basic foundations of personality
- secondary - sometimes related to attitudes or preferences
- categorised 4,000 words for personality into three groups
- Cattell (1946): 16PF personality factor assessment
- used factor analysis to publish his findings known as the 16PF
- factor analysis - statistical technique which allows you to take raw data and determine patterns of data
- strengths and weaknesses
- biggest strength is its reliance on statistical or objective data
- no interpretation needed and they are observable and measured making it more valid
- easy-to-understand continuum
- poor predictors of behaviour
- based on statistics not theory
- concept of the self and self-concept
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