Unit 2; Core Studies; Casey et al

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  • Casey et al
    • Background: 4yo's left in room wit h marshmallow, told could eat or wait for 2nd
    • Aims
      • 1. do low delaying 4yo's still struggle with temptation
      • 2. examine brain activity in areas associated with temptation
    • Samples
      • Exp 1:  59/562 from marshmallow task; 27 low delayers, 32 high delayers
      • Exp 2: 26/59; 11 low delayers, 15 high delayers
    • Procedure
      • Experiment 1
        • Go/No-Go task; push button on 'go' faces and leave it on 'no-go' faces
        • Cool Task: neutral male & female faces, one sex was 'go', the other 'no-go'
        • Hot Task: fearful or happy expression
        • laptops sent home & image appeared for 500ms with 1s interval
      • Experiment 2
        • same Go/No-Go task but done in an fMRI machine
        • Only did hot task
    • Results
      • Experiment 1
        • similar levels of accuracy
        • Mistakes:    LD: 15.7% HD: 11.2%
      • no differences in reaction time
      • Experiment 2
        • Mistakes:    LD: 14.5% HD: 10.9%
        • HD had more inferior frontal gyrus activity as where temptations is witheld
        • LD had more ventral striatum activity as where reward system is
    • Conclusions
      • Experiment 1
        • only hot cues made a difference
        • age 4 failures made more errors
        • age 4 resistors made less errors
      • Experiment 2
        • difference in brain activity in key areas related to resisting temptations
        • IFG controls resistance, VS related to reward
      • Overall
        • resisting temptations is stable individual charactersitic
        • delay ability is hindered by alluring cues
        • hot and cold stimuli affect control
    • Ethics: all kept
    • Summary
      • Biological: investigates how areas of brain affect temptation
      • Regions of Brain: looks at IFG and VS activity
    • Debates: Psych as Sci
      • replicable, objective (fMRI), falsifiable
    • Reliability & Validity
      • IR: highly controlled
      • ER: Exp 2 is small but pattern found
      • IV: may be affected by reaction time
      • EV: not very generalisable. not like real-life

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