Unit 3
- Created by: Maddie
- Created on: 30-12-13 12:27
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- Unit 3
- Future developments
- Emerging technologies
- Mobile working
- Bluetooth
- Blackberry (PDA)
- Nanotechnology
- Robotics
- Pages 2-9
- Potential future uses of ICT
- Wireless energy
- Novel user interfaces
- Flexible screens
- Smart cars
- The national DNA database
- Face recognition
- Implications of future developments and uses of ICT
- The impact on society
- Problems and abuses of new technology
- The impact on the way organisations are run
- The impact on individuals as consumers and as workers
- The impact on individuals as workers
- The issues surrounding the rapid development of ICT
- Social Issues
- Cultural Issues
- Environmental Issues
- Ethical Issues
- Technical Issues
- Legal Issues
- Economic Issues
- Emerging technologies
- Information and systems
- Types of ICT system
- Back Office System
- Usually accounts and database management
- Run routine business tasks
- Record sales, purchases, update stock, etc
- Transaction Processing Systems
- Process transactions as they arise
- i.e: Booking a flight
- Process transactions as they arise
- Workflow Management Systems
- Used when lots of different people work on a document
- Routes documents to different personnel
- Reduces bottlenecks in the flow of work
- Workflow and document management systems
- Used when data arrives in different forms
- Keeps track of electronically stored documents
- Typical application: dealing with insurance claims
- Management information systems
- Takes internal and external data
- Processes it to produce information
- Presents information in suitable form
- To enable managers to make effective decisions
- Systems for collaborative working
- Used when lots of people work together on a task
- Uses communications
- Uses video conferencing, file sharing, email, etc.
- Decision Support System (DSS)
- Supports decision-making process
- Enables managers to choose from business options
- Can estimate figures and produce forecasts
- Customer Relationship management system
- Helps with the day-to-day management of customers
- Keeps track of customers
- Allows analysis of past orders
- Helps increase sales
- Allows more effective marketing
- Allows cross-selling
- Enterprise Information System
- Deals with all functions of a large organisation
- Integrates all business activities (eg accounts, finance, etc)
- Allows links to business partners (eg suppliers, customers, etc)
- Back Office System
- Pages18-30
- Classifying Organisations
- Type
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Public Service
- Scale
- Small (1-50 employees)
- Medium (51-500 employees)
- Large (Over 500)
- Nature of management scale
- Autocratic
- Clear authority
- Few decisions made lower down
- Paternalistic
- Decisions made in employees interests
- Democratic
- Employees take part in decision making
- Laissez-faire
- Very little management
- Staff left to get on with their work
- Autocratic
- Type
- Types of ICT system
- Managing ICT
- Pages 42-44
- How the size of an organisation affects the formalities with which ICT is managed
- Small Organisation
- Few tiers of management
- Less hierarchical
- Staff work more on own initiative
- Staff have less formal roles
- Informal systems
- Large Organisation
- Many tiers of management
- Very hierarchical
- People undertake specific tasks
- Formal systems
- Small Organisation
- ICT Policies
- Training Policy
- Matching of people to jobs
- Regular assessment of skills
- Assessment of training needs
- Appropriate training given
- Procurement Policy
- Large contracts open to tender
- Must consider value for money
- Hardware purchased must be above a certain spec
- Software must work with existing operating system
- Security Policies
- Legal Compliances
- DPA 1998
- Computer Misuse Act 1990
- Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
- Usernames/ Passwords
- Keep confidential
- Forbid use of other people's
- Forbid non-institutional use
- Equipment
- No movement without permission
- No attachment to network without permission
- Uses
- Must not damage ICT facilities
- Must not modify software
- Minimise use of consumables
- Forbid food/drink in ICT rooms
- Avoid annoyance to others
- Health and safety
- Compliance with health and safety laws
- Adopt safe working practices
- Penalties for infringement
- Legal penalties
- Disciplinary action
- Legal Compliances
- Training Policy
- ICT Strategy
- Pages 52-54
- Factors affecting ICT system strategy
- Business goals
- The need to interface with legacy systems
- The geography of clients and business fulfillment
- Available finance
- Legislation
- Compliance
- The need for corporate strategy covering technology for ICT systems in large organisations
- Future proofing
- Scaleable networks
- Application software independent of operating system
- Data stored separate to database software
- Large amounts of data storage
- Higher processing than is needed at the time
- Developments in technology
- Need a flexible strategy that can be changed
- Need to be able to move quickly to ensure competitive advantage
- Procurement
- Procedures
- Ensuring value for money
- Tenders for large contracts
- Technology life cycle
- Research and development
- The ascent phase
- The maturity phase
- The decline phase
- Information Management
- Systems allow the production of management information
- Information must be available to anyone who needs it
- People considerations
- Reorganisation may be needed
- Existing staff will need training in new technology
- New staff may be needed
- Future proofing
- Legislation
- Copyright, designs and patents act 1988
- Checks for unauthorised software
- No illegal downloads- forbidden by acceptable use policy
- Check no more copies of software are being used than the license allows
- Computer Misuse Act 1990
- Forbid staff from planting viruses
- Forbid staff from doing unauthorised work
- Ensure checks are in place to detect fraud
- Ensure users do not swap usernames and passwords
- Freedom of information act 2000
- Ensure requests for disclosure are met
- Provide details of any codes used
- Health and safety at work act
- Regular inspection of ICT workstations and room
- Working practices for staff to change tasks
- Training to minimise the risks to staff
- Arrange for regular eye tests and payment for glasses if needed
- Create software whichis not stressful to use
- DPA 1998
- Appoint a data controller
- Notify the information commissioner's office that organisation is processing personal data
- Adopt proceedures that allow subject access
- Procedures to allow records to be changed should info held be wrong
- Staff training to educate them about the DPA
- Procedures to ensure the privacy and security of data held
- Copyright, designs and patents act 1988
- Development methods
- Systems Development Life Cycle
- 1) System investigation/ feasability
- Project definition
- Aims and objectives of new system
- Initial fact find
- Investigation into the technical, legal, economic, operational and schedule implications
- Cost/benefit analysis
- Recommendations as to feasability
- 2) Analysis
- Understanding the existing system
- Gathering/ analysing user requirements
- Using tools and techniques such as dfd's, data models, process specifications and systems diagrams
- Producing a logical specification
- 3) Design
- Designing the system with the user requirements
- Creating the the design specification for hardware, software, telecommunications, databases, personnel and procedures
- 4) Build/ constructing solution
- Use the physical design to produce a working system
- Write programming code/customise package
- Use software tools to produce working version
- Producing working system to user requirements
- 5) Test
- Testing at very detailed levels
- Testing at a higher level
- Testing at a systems level
- 6) Installation and conversion
- Installing hardware
- Installing software
- Conversion of previous data
- Training of all users
- Production of documentation and training guides
- 7) Review and maintenance
- Checking solution meets user requirements
- Setting up review cycle
- Setting up help desk
- Adding extra functions
- Fixing bugs
- Managing interfaces with other systems
- 1) System investigation/ feasability
- Systems Development Life Cycle
- Topic 9
- See seperate mindmap
- Future developments
- Workflow and document management systems
- Used when data arrives in different forms
- Keeps track of electronically stored documents
- Typical application: dealing with insurance claims
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