WW1 Revision
- Created by: K4typ
- Created on: 16-05-18 12:04
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- WW1
- Organisation for the State of War
- Growth of modern communications encouraged a greater sense of nationalism.
- The French took over taxi to get troops to the river Marne 1914
- Development of railways made military movements easier.
- Price controls
- Women in factories Britain
- Properganda
- posters - Lord Kitchener
- 80% of the worlds population was at war
- Reserved occupations UK mining and farming these people did not do go to war
- The
Development of the idea and practice of Total War (civilian involvement and
casualties)
- DORA 1914
- UK gov powers over conscription, freedom of speech
- compare with Levee en Masse
- DORA 1914
- The impact of public opinion
- War was more popular in western than eastern Europe. Rural areas lacked access to propaganda.
- Soldiers Who didn't want to go war where shamed with a white feather normally given
- News given through BBC helped to boot morale
- speech given to boost morale
- The influence of economic factors
- Concern about naval supremacy led to a 400% increase in navla expenditure which went from 10. 8 million In 18844 to 48.8 million in 1914
- Germany steel production 3.16 million tons 1890 to 13.15 million tons 1910
- Increasingly destructive
- Higher power artillery millions of shells
- Quality of troops
- German army 887,000 by 1914
- incrased over time
- BEF- British expeditionary force
- relatively small used to fighting small colonial wars
- Volunteer army 2.5 million by 1916 Britain
- 1916 military service act - conscription UK
- 5 million joined the army between 1914 and 1918 UK
- Centeral powers 25 million men in arms
- allies40 million men in arms
- 10 million service men died
- 700,000 British soldiers
- German army 887,000 by 1914
- Development of tactics (shock tactics cult of the offensive)
- The French army returning to its traditions, no longer knows any other law than that of the attack – Joseph Joffre
- 8 million shells fired before the battle of the Somme
- Frontal assults -vs machine guns - battle of the Somme
- Air-plane used to make sure artillery was aiming correctly also used for reconnaissance
- Germans dug trenches on high ground and mostly played a defensive role
- because they had high ground this meant they could see where they where aiming there artillery
- two front an advantage for the allies
- trench war-fare
- development of support trenches
- American civil war trenches
- development of support trenches
- Creeping Barrage
- Artillery fire would cover an infantry advance in practice
- Soldiers got held up though
- Artillery fire would cover an infantry advance in practice
- French used field telephones
- Used to talk to there Artillery directly
- The Impact of Generalship on
Warfare
- Supposed to be "over by Christmas"
- went on for 4 years
- Bad generalship
- 20,000 killed on the first day UK
- repeated this on 2nd day
- 60,000 wounded or killed
- Haig the Bitcher of the Somme
- Didnt implament tech particualry well
- tanks used on muddy ground
- Battle of Cambria used on harder chalky ground
- 378 used
- Battle of Cambria used on harder chalky ground
- tanks used on muddy ground
- Didnt implament tech particualry well
- 20,000 killed on the first day UK
- Supposed to be "over by Christmas"
- War Plans and their successes
- German schlifflen Plan
- plan to knock france out the war
- ended up with a war on two fronts
- Schlieffen Plan 1.5 million through Luxembourg and Belgium and encircle Paris . Too detailed drawn up on strict timetable bais. Failed.
- plan to knock france out the war
- French 17 Mass frontal attack through alsaac lorraine - shot to bit 300,00 french casualties
- German schlifflen Plan
- developments in communications and transport
- Combustion engine had potential to deliver large numbers of troops to front but engine unreliable could only be used on roads which where built.
- London buses used to take soldiers to front + Parisian taxi’s to take troops to Marne. 1914
- developments in weaponry
- Chemical Warefare – 1st used
by Germans at 2nd battle of ypres 1915
- But dependent on wind direction. Blown back at British at Loos 1915.
- Tanks – protected troops from machine guns, initially unreliable, moved at 2 miles per hour + not enough of them. 1st time – 49 used at Somme. Cambrai 1917 350. Played role in breakthrough 1918.
- tanks 1916
- submarines
- German U-boat campaign against Allied trade routes 1914
- Rifles and artillery still used but scale bigger
- The British used more shells in a 35 minute bombardment the Battle of Neuve Chappelle in 1915 than in the entire boar war
- Chemical Warefare – 1st used
by Germans at 2nd battle of ypres 1915
- Changing Nature of Warfare
- wars Much longer in general
- Somme July-November 1916
- wars Much longer in general
- Alliances, plans and their effectiveness
- Economic resources + manpower US brought to war 1918 Crucial Alliance betwixt FR + BR à Appointment of SAC Foch
- Allies launched co-ordinated attacksà advances Co-ordination of allies coincided with collapse of German alliances + central powers member seeking peace terms.
- Organisation, command and control of
armies
- Biggest Change appointment of Supreme Allied Cmndr Foch
- Both sides developing smaller units + delegating command. D trained non-commissioned officers to take over à concept of developed initiative 1916 – important in 1918 advances
- The development of strategy
- Britain feared that national security was being threatened by militarism, German trade rivalry and a large German fleet.
- Organisation for the State of War
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