Raine et al. 1997

?

Aim

Methodology

  • Investigate whether violent criminals had brain dysfunction in areas of the brain.
  • Compare a group of murderers with a control group of non-murderers using brain scans.
  • Murderers plead not guilty by reasons of insanity.
  • Hypthosesised that no dysfunction would be found in caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, midbrain, cerbellum.
  • Would not have dysfunction in areas implicated in mental illnesses, not previously related to violence.
  • Scans may help us identify indviduals before they commit a crime.
  • Previously thought by Lombosso that criminals have distinguishable facial features - discredited.
  • First study to use brain scans.
  • Quasi-experiment - matched pair designs. Opportunity sampling.
  • Participants - 41 murderers, 39 men, 2 women. Mean age - 34.3 years.
  • IV - NGRI, DV - brain differences. All charged with murder/manslaughter.
  • University of California examined, obtained proof of diminished capacity.
  • Schizophrenia - 6, head injury/organic damage - 23, psychoactive drug abuse - 3, epilepsy - 2, hyperactivity/learning disorders - 3, personality disorder - 2, affective disorder - 2.
  • Participants - medication free, checked with urine sample 2 weeks prior.
  • Control group - matched each murderer with normal individual - same sex. 6 schiozphrenics matched with 6 from mental hospital. other controls no history of psychiatric illness or in any relations.

Procedures

Findings

  • PET Scans - Positron Emission Tomography
  • FDG - radioactive glucose tracer injected 30 seconds into procedure. Chance to practice before injection.
  • Scans performed 32 minutes into CPT.
  • Brain uses glucose for energy - more active parts use more glucose.
  • All participants asked to do a continuous performance task specifically aimed to activate target areas of brain.
  • Horizontal slices of brain recorder using cortical peel and box technique. 10 slices.
  • Both groups performed similarly. Any differences in activity not due to performance on test.
  • Murderers - significantly lower glucose metabolism in prefrontal cortex - both hemispheres.
  • Reduced activity in left angular gyrus and corpus callosum. Reduced activity in amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus - only in lefy hemisphere. - Areas previously linked to violence.
  • Cerebellum and occipital lobe - higher glucose metabolism - more activity.
  • No significant differences for amount of midbrain, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, cerebellum activity between murderers and controls. Parts of brain not involved in violence.

Comments

No comments have yet been made