The Great Rebellion

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Created on: 05-04-21 18:14


	The Great Rebellion
	Causes Young Henry: Growing resentment of his father increased after H altered his succession plans to accommodate John. Confronted H in March 1173 and demanded he be given immediate control over either England or Normandy. H refused, so YH fled to Paris where, with the help of Louis VII, began to muster support for a rebellion. Geoffrey: Encouraged by his mother Eleanor Richard: Joined his mother in Aquitaine in 1171 with the intention of familiarising himself with the customs and politics of the duchy that he was set to rule. However, Henry refused to relinquish the formal title of 'Duke of Aquitaine' to Richard (he could only be referred to as 'Count of Poitou'). Henry agve no indiation that he intended to grant Richard any control any time soon, causing Rich to join forces with Louis Barons: Opportunism and a chance to respond to grievances against Henry. The King's use of instruments such as Cartae Baronum (1166) to extract money in the form of scutage payments was a point of contention, for example. Hugh Bigod was a good example of a rebel who had suffered due to his earlier defiance of Henry . Louis VII: Historic adversarial relationship between Angevins and Capetians. In 1169, it was plausible that Henry would outlive Louis. It was conceivable that Philip would succeed Louis still in his minority. A boy-king would have to contend with the machinations of Henry. As such, Louis was unlikely to pass up the opportunity to disintegrate the Angevin Empire. Louis manipulated YH's frustrations with his father and ultimately incited him into rebellion. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Took leave of H's court in 1168 to establish her own court in Poitiers. It became clear that H did not intend to relinquish control of Aquitaine to Eleanor. When R arrived in Aquitaine in 1171, H still refused to cede control, prompting Eleanor and Richard to decisively turn against H. Henry II: Unpopular inheritance plans. No intention of giving YH any real power in his English kingdom - his decision to crown YH in 1170 was aimed largely at undermining Becket. William the Lion: ready ally for the rebels as William regarded the manner in which Henry had treated Malcolm as an insult to the Kingdom of Scotland.	Effects Treaty of Mont Louis 1174: Sons treated magnanimously with Henry recognising his own mistakes and giving each near unconditional forgiveness. All were granted annual incomes. However, the terms granted to Henry's sons were not as generous as those offered at parlay at Gisors a year earlier. Also made awards to John for not participating. Eleanor of Aquitaine: On arriving in England in 1174 she became Henry's prisoner and he assigned a permanent custodian to her. Her sedition represented a gross transgression of the prevailing social norms. William the Lion: Captured July 1174 (a day after Henry performed penance for the murder of Becket, implying that Becket and God were on Henry's side). William agreed to the Treaty of Falaise which effectively made Scotland a suzerain state of England. The Treaty remained for 14 years. Senior nobles (such as Louis VII & Philip of Flanders): Beyond Henry's power to impose sanctions but castles in Normandy were surrendered to Henry Barons who surrendered to Henry before the failure of the rebellion: Largely forgiven (like sons). Allowed to retain land held prior to the rebellion. Hostages & oaths of loyalty demanded from some. Barons who had fought until the failure of the rebellion: Harsher treatment. Forced forfeiture of land & taken into custody. But eventually reconciled with Henry and lands restored except castles. This included Robert Blanchemains and Hugh Bigod Wales: Rhys ap Gruffydd had been declared Henry's justiciar in Deheubarth in 1172. 1000 Welshmen participated in the Great Rebellion on Henry's side = H secured Welsh support. Mutual assistance pact in 1175 strengthened relationship
	Overall summary Henry's three adult sons had been brought to heel and no longer aspired to seize power in the Angevin Empire. Their mother Eleanor of Aquitaine was held in captivity, therefore prevented from encouraging any further sedition. The rebellion humiliated Louis VII, and Philip of Flanders was faced with local rebellion. Henry's long-term goal of securin English internal borders had been achieved through the Treaty of Falaise 1174 and the English-Welsh mutual assistance pact 1175. The nobility had been cleansed of dissenters, emphasised by the sense that Henry would not be so magnanimous in the future. Lastly, Henry's position in Europe had been strengthened by his efficiency in dealing with the rebellion and his public penance at Canterbury for Becket. The 'consequent' capture of William the Lion contributed to removing the stigma from Becket's murder.

The Great Rebellion

Causes

Young Henry: Growing resentment of his father increased after H altered his succession plans to accommodate John. Confronted H in March 1173 and demanded he be given immediate control over either England or Normandy. H refused, so YH fled to Paris where, with the help of Louis VII, began to muster support for a rebellion.
Geoffrey: Encouraged by his mother Eleanor
Richard: Joined his mother in Aquitaine in 1171 with the intention of familiarising himself with the customs and politics of the duchy that he was set to rule. However, Henry refused to relinquish the formal title of 'Duke of Aquitaine' to Richard (he could only be referred to as 'Count of Poitou'). Henry agve no indiation that he intended to grant Richard any control any time soon, causing Rich to join forces with Louis
Barons: Opportunism and a chance to respond to grievances against Henry. The King's use of instruments such as Cartae Baronum (1166) to extract money in the form of scutage payments was a point of contention, for example. Hugh Bigod was a good example of a rebel who had suffered due to his earlier defiance of Henry .
Louis VII: Historic adversarial relationship between Angevins and Capetians. In 1169, it was plausible that Henry would outlive Louis. It was conceivable that Philip would succeed Louis still in his minority. A boy-king would have to contend with the machinations of Henry. As such, Louis was unlikely to pass up the opportunity to disintegrate the Angevin Empire. Louis manipulated YH's frustrations with his father and ultimately incited him into rebellion.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: Took leave of H's court in 1168 to establish her own court in Poitiers. It became clear that H did not intend to relinquish control of Aquitaine to Eleanor. When R arrived in Aquitaine in 1171, H still refused to cede control, prompting Eleanor and Richard to decisively turn against H.
Henry II: Unpopular inheritance plans. No intention of giving YH any real power in his English kingdom - his decision to crown YH in 1170 was aimed largely at undermining Becket.
William the Lion: ready ally for the rebels as William regarded the manner in which Henry had treated Malcolm as an insult to the Kingdom of Scotland.

Effects

Treaty of Mont Louis 1174: Sons treated magnanimously with Henry recognising his own mistakes and giving each near unconditional forgiveness. All were granted annual incomes. However, the terms granted to Henry's sons were not as generous as those offered at parlay at Gisors a year earlier. Also made awards to John for not participating.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: On arriving in England in 1174 she became Henry's prisoner and he assigned a permanent custodian to her. Her sedition represented a gross transgression of the prevailing social norms.
William the Lion: Captured July 1174 (a day after Henry performed penance for the murder of Becket, implying that Becket and God were on Henry's side). William agreed to the Treaty of Falaise which effectively made Scotland a suzerain state of England. The Treaty remained for 14 years.
Senior nobles (such as Louis VII & Philip of Flanders): Beyond Henry's power to impose sanctions but castles in Normandy were surrendered to Henry
Barons who surrendered to Henry before the failure of the rebellion: Largely forgiven (like sons). Allowed to retain land held prior to the rebellion. Hostages & oaths of loyalty demanded from some.
Barons who had fought until the failure of the rebellion: Harsher treatment. Forced forfeiture of land & taken into custody. But eventually reconciled with Henry and lands restored except castles. This included Robert Blanchemains and Hugh Bigod
Wales: Rhys ap Gruffydd had been declared Henry's justiciar in Deheubarth in 1172. 1000 Welshmen participated in the Great Rebellion on Henry's side = H secured Welsh support. Mutual assistance pact in 1175 strengthened relationship

Overall summary

Henry's three adult sons had been brought to heel and no longer aspired to seize power in the Angevin Empire. Their mother Eleanor of Aquitaine was held in captivity, therefore prevented from encouraging any further sedition. The rebellion humiliated Louis VII, and Philip of Flanders was faced with local rebellion. Henry's long-term goal of securin English internal borders had been achieved through the Treaty of Falaise 1174 and the English-Welsh mutual assistance pact 1175. The nobility had been cleansed of dissenters, emphasised by the sense that Henry would not be so magnanimous in the future. Lastly, Henry's position in Europe had been strengthened by his efficiency in dealing with the rebellion and his public penance at Canterbury for Becket. The 'consequent' capture of William the Lion contributed to removing the stigma from Becket's murder.

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The Great Rebellion