Some Born-Haber Cycles require additional steps:
- For dipositive metal ions there will be a 2nd ionisation energy, M+ (g) -> M2+(g) + e-
- For oxides there will be an additional electron affinity, the 2nd electron affinity, this 2nd one will be endothermic as the O- will repel the e-, O- (g) + e- -> O2- (g)
- In the case of bromine which is a liquid before it can be atomised it has to be vapourised using the enthalpy of vapourisation, Br2(l) -> Br2(g), it is an endothermic reaction as energy has to be taken in to boil something
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