1.Sexual hormones, blood sugar levels and substance abuse can affect mood, judgment and aggression
2.Testosterone levels and male offending both peak around the same age, suggesting hormones affect criminal behaviour
3.Alcohol produces disinhibition, reducing self-control and leading to criminal behaviour, particularly violence. Crack cocaine has been strongly linked to violent crime.
4.Bio-chemical factors are recognised by the courts. The law of infanticide states that if a mother kills her baby as a result of post-natal depression or breastfeeding, she has a partial defence to murder. Pre-menstrual tension (PMT) has been accepted as a defence in shoplifting cases.
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