Loans - An amount of money lent to the business from a bank. It has to be paid back in regular installments and interest is added. This is the amount the bank charges for the loan, it may fluctuate.
Mortgage - Similar to a bank loan. It's a larger sum of money over a longer period of time. Always secured against an asset, eg. a house. Businesses may take out a mortgage to buy their premesis.
Shares - Must be regulated with Companies House amd issues shares to shareholders. They normally receive a voting right and the more shares they own, the greater their ability to influence decisions. They're rewarded for their investement with dividends (share of profit).
Owner's Capital - Money invested into the business from personal savings. Sole traders own businesses by themselves so rely on their own savings or loans. Partnerships are between multiple people and they each contribute to money that's available.
Debentures - A medium to long term source of finance from the Government raised by the public for capital requirements, eg. Government raising funds to construct roads for the public. Large companies use them to secure income. Interest is payable. It's repaid as a lump sum on a fixed date. They can be secured against an asset.
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