Case Studies
- Created by: sophiecreativity
- Created on: 01-05-18 12:19
ANTI-NATALIST POLICY: CHINA’S ONE CHILD POLICY
- Introduced in 1979 by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to limit population growth
- Marriageable age for men = 22, for women = 20
- Couples had to apply to get married, and again for a child
If they conformed:
- Free education
- Priority housing
- Family benefits
If they didn’t conform
- No benefits
- Fined heavily
- Women pregnant for a 2nd timehad to get forced abortions
- Persistent offenders sterilized
ANTI-NATALIST POLICY: CHINA’S ONE CHILD POLICY
Exceptions:
- 2nd child allowed if 1st was mentally/physically handicapped or died
- Farmers could have 2 children if 1st was a girl In rural areas, 2nd child allowed on payment of fine/bribe
- Policy did not apply to the 56 ethnic minority groups
Achievement of policy:
- Birth rate fell from 31 to 19 in 20 years
- The fertility rate has fallen to 1.7 births per woman
- Reduced severity of problems that come with overpopulation
PRO-NATALIST POLICY: ITALY
Low fertility rates of 1.33 children per family
Italy has long had a problem with declining birth rates
Yuppiedom – preference for luxury goods delays marriage and babies
Problems
- Women do not want to interrupt career to have children
- High fees charged by nurseries
- Shortage of affordable housing for young people
Solutions
Italian government offers a one time payment of 1000 euros to couples who have a 2nd child
OVERPOPULATION: LAGOS, NIGERIA
- From 1986 to 2010, the percentage of population living in urban centers increased from 20% to more than 40%
- Persistent problem of inadequate water supply leading to unhealthy living conditions.
- Increased levels of pollution; air, water, noise, soil contamination.
- High infant and child mortality; no development of the health system.
- Elevated crime rate due to drug cartels and increased theft by people stealing resources to survive.
- Malnutrition constant issue in rural areas
UNDERPOPULATION: AUSTRALIA
- Australia has an area of 7.6 million km2 and population of 22 million
- Australia export their surplus food, energy and mineral resources
- High incomes, good living conditions, and high levels of technology and immigration.
- Australia is the world's thirteenth largest economy
- World's fifth-highest per capita income It is probable that standards of living would rise, through increased production and exploitation of resources, if population increased
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS: MEXICANS INTO THE USA
Push Factors
- 1800 per doctor
- GDP per capita $14,406
- Adult literacy rates only 55%
- Life expectancy 72 years
- 40% Unemployed
- Poor standard of living
- Shortage of food
Pull Factors
- 400 per doctor
- GDP per capita $46,860
- Adult literacy rates 99%
- Life expectancy 76 years
- Many jobs available
- Better housing Family links
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS: MEXICANS INTO THE USA
Effect on USA
- Millions of $ on border patrol
- Drain on US economy
- Migrants keep wages low
- Good for US economy, bad for US workers
- Cultural and racial issues
- Increased incidents of TB
- Culture enriched
Effect on Mexico
- Shortage of economically active
- Men emigrate leaving women
- Trouble find marriage partner
- Immigrants send $6 billion a year back to Mexico
AGEING POPULATION: JAPAN
- An ageing population - birth rates have fallen and one of the world's highest life expectancy's.
- Highest proportion of old dependents - about 23%
- Lowest proportion of young dependents about 13%
- Has a total fertility rate of only 1.25
- Have to look outside its borders to prevent future population decline and economic decline
PROBLEMS WITH URBANIZATION: ROCINA
- Rapid urban growth due to immigration and high birth rate
- Poor people live in shanty settlements (favelas) and slums built along main roads leading to the city or vacant space next to factories on the outskirts of the city
- Land with little economic value
- Steep hillsides or unhealthy valley floors
- Shacks made from wood, corrugated iron, cardboard or sacking
- Overcrowded, high population density
- Problems: pollution, eyesore
- Threat: flooding, landslips or industrial pollution
PROBLEMS WITH URBANIZATION: ROCINA
Type 1: Low-cost improvements
- Houses rebuilt with cheap and easy-to-use breeze blocks
- Water tank on roof collects rainwater for toilet & sink
- Electricity and mains sewerage are added
- Pay a low rent
Type 2: Self-help schemes
- Groups of people encouraged to build their own homes
- Local authority provides breeze-blocks and roofing tiles
- Electricity and water supply added
- Advantages:
- Creates community spirit
- Cheap
- More houses built
OUT-OF-TOWN-SHOPPING-CENTERS: BLUEWATER
- Opened in 1999 and located near Dartford, Kent
- Built on a Brownfield site in a dis-used chalk quarry and is just outside the M25
- 14 hectares of retail space and almost 1.5 hectares for indoor leisure use
- What's there?
- 320 shops
- Parking for 13,000 cars
- Cafes and restaurants 50 acres of lakes and parkland, playgrounds and cycle ways
- 12 screen cinema
URBAN REGENERATION: LONDON DOCKLANDS
- The Docklands suffered a spiral of decline and became very deprived due to containerization and deindustrialization
- During the 1980's, British government launched Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) to regenerate poor and deprived areas
- Physical Regeneration: 200,000 trees planted and 17 conservation areas made
- Social Regeneration: 2,000 new homes built, shopping centers, sports centers and colleges built and $160 million spent on education and healthcare
- Economic Regeneration: businesses doubled, jobs tripled, railways built, city airport opened
CONGESTION: LONDON
Social Problems
- Increased congestion so increased pollution – health problems
- Increased travel time
- More cars - increased frequency of accidents
- More traffic jams increase frequency of road rage.
Environmental Problems
- Increased amount of air and noise pollution
- Increased road building - destruction of greenfield sites
- Air pollution - acid rain and greenhouse effect
Economic Problems
- Increased government expenditure – building more road
- Workers arrive late to work
- Reliance on oil
CONGESTION: LONDON
Solutions
- Congestion charge: Drivers are now charged to drive into the center of London.
- Bike hire scheme: Borrow bikes for a short period at minimal cost &bike lanes created
- Trams (like buses that run on train tracks) reintroduced
- Pedestrianisation: removing cars from the roads and making them walking only areas
- Improved rail links which decreases travel times
- The amount of buses have been increased and old ones renewed
- Encouraging carpooling and building dedicated lanes Increased car tax and petrol duty
EARTHQUAKE IN MEDC: KOBE, JAPAN
7.2 Richter on 17 January 1995, 5.46am
Cause:
- Destructive plate margin
- Philippines Plate forced under Eurasian plate
Effects:
- 5500 dead
- 40 000 injured
- 230 000 homeless
- 1km of railway collapsed
- 180 000 houses destroyed
EARTHQUAKE IN LEDC: TAKHAR, AFGHANISTAN
6.1 Richter on 4th February 1998, Winter
Cause:
- Collision plate boundary
- Indian and Iranian plate collided with Eurasian plate.
Effects:
- 4000 died
- 10 000 injured
- 15 000 homeless
- 27 villages largely destroyed
VOLCANO: MOUNT SINABURG, INDONESIA
Erupted in January 2014
Cause:
- Destructive margin
- Indo-Australian plate subducted Eurasian plate
Effects:
- 80,000 hectares of cropland destroyed
- 16 deaths
- 25,000 people had to take refuge
- $700 million loss of roads, water and telecommunications
LIVING NEAR VOLCANOES
- Hundreds of jobs created
- Geothermal power
- Large tourism industry
- Scenic
- Fertile soil
- Farming
- Less congestion
- Space
- Privacy
FLOODING: CORNWALL, BOSCASTLE RIVER, UK
Flooded August 2004
Causes:
- Hurricane Alex
- Convectional rainfall
- Heavy rainfall
- Saturated ground
Effects:
- 3 metre wave hit
- 10 injured
- No power for 3 days
- 6 buildings washed out to sea
FLOODING: CORNWALL, BOSCASTLE RIVER, UK
Solutions
Short-term
- Flood warning systems
- Search and Rescue operations
- Donations
- Refuge in leisure centres
Long-term
- Reconstruction of power and water
- Flood Defences
- Channel widened and deepened
- Bridge made
FLOOD DEFENSE: THREE GORGES DAM, CHINA
Advantages
- 100 million people protected
- Provide 2% of China's energy needs
- Tourism increased on lake
- Improved shipping
- New settlements have better services
Disadvantages
- 3 million people relocated
- Factories submerged releasing toxic waste into water
- Silt doesn’t fertilize fields downstream
- Risk of earthquake cracking dam
- Loss of species, Yangtze dolphin
COASTAL PROTECTION: NEW FOREST COASTLINE, UK
- New Forest coastline in Hampshire has clay and sand cliffs
- Retreated 60m since 1971
- Now protected by concrete sea wall and groynes
- Constructing rock revetments and groynes at Barton on Sea
- Marshland with wildlife value from Keyhaven to Lymington – so nature reserve created and New Forest named as National Park
SAND DUNES: MORFA HARLECH
- Morfa Harlech is a sandy peninsula immediately north of the town of Harlech in the county of Gwynedd North Wales.
- This large area of sand has formed since the ice age.
- Sand comes from beach and has been moved northward by longshore drift to form a spit across the estuary
- The prevailing south-westerly winds picks it up and molds into sand dunes
- The youngest dunes are found closest to the sea.
SUBSISTENCE FARMING: LOWER RIVER GANGES
- River Ganges flows southeastwards from Himalayas
- Alluvium deposited east of New Delhi and Bay of Bengal to form a flat plain and large delta – farming occurs here
- Farmers produce just enough for family
- Continuous growing seasons: rice in monsoon season & vegetable/cereal in dry season
- Labour intensive
- Recent changes include application of modern farming techniques, usage of HYV cereals, improvement in irrigation via technology and increased farm size.
DESERTIFICATION: SAHEL
- Narrow belt of semi-arid land South of the Sahara in Africa
- Rainfall is only in 1 or 2 months of the year
- Rainfall is irregular with no rain in some years
Physical Causes:
- Low amount of water supply
- Global warming; less rain per year
- Water holes dry up
- Non drought resistant grasses die
Human Causes:
- Population growth; 4% each yr
- Overgrazing; increased 40%
- Overcultivation; same crops grown and no fallow land left
- Taking local trees for firewood
TOURISM IN AN MEDC: LAKE DISTRICT
Attractions
- Mixture of natural and farmed landscapes
- Diversity of landscapes (lakes, woodland, moorland)
- Wide range of ecosystems
- Sites of special scientific interest, nature reserves and protected limestone pavement
- 3200km of footpath, bridleways and green lanes
- Local settlements with human history
- Culture, dialect, sports, literature movements
TOURISM IN AN MEDC: LAKE DISTRICT
Advantages:
- Wealth to locals
- Employment for locals
- New amenities used by locals too
Disadvantages:
- Traffic: too many cars
- Footpath erosion:
- Places become overcrowded
- Conflicts; locals and tourists
- Ruining scenery; cars and litter
Solutions:
- Landscaping: repairing eroded foot paths & planting trees
- Integration of rail, bus and lake steamer transport
- Road hierarchy, decreasing congestion
ECOTOURISM: BELIZE
Attractions
- A coral reef with abundant life
- Over 450 cayes (low-lying islands); favored by scuba divers
- Relics from the Mayan civilization
- A sub-tropical climate & abundant wildlife.
- Political stability and close to the USA
ECOTOURISM: BELIZE
Successes:
- Tourism is Belize’s second most important earner of foreign exchange.
- Has attracted the elite market
- 1⁄4 of country designated as nature reserve, preserving wildlife
Problems:
- 90% of recent developments are foreign owned
- Coral at the Hol Chan Marine
- Reserves has been damaged.
- Mangrove swamps are being drained
- Some tourists are failing to take care in nature reserves.
- Deforestation by refugees
TROPICAL STORMS IN MEDC: HURRICAN FLOYD (1999)
Cause:
- Formed in Atlantic Ocean off coast of Africa
- Began 2 September 1999
- Category 4 hurricane in Bahamas by 13 and 14 September
Effects:
- 79 deaths
- 4 million evacuated
- Insurance = $460 million
- $1 billion agricultural losses
- Beaches in Bahamas destroyed
- 1 million had no electricity or water
- 14 states affected – North Carolina worst hit
TROPICAL STORMS IN MEDC: HURRICAN FLOYD (1999)
Solutions and Management
- Prediction: National Hurricane Centre tracked storm using satellites, allowed 4 million people to be evacuated.
- Preparation: evacuation was well planned, supported by army and many hundreds of hurricane shelters
- Prevention: US citizens educated on how to survive a hurricane by government
- Buildings are well constructed to withstand high winds, floods and storm surges.
- Aid: USA relies on internal aid for it’s own government, the US government gave £1.5 billion and whilst FEMA gave £0.8Billion
DROUGHT: CHAD (2015)
Cause:
- Less than average rain
Effects:
- Garden hosepipes banned
- Water rationing
- Clay soiled dried, cracked and buildings collapsed
- Grass stopped growing so cattle did not have enough food
- Crops died
- Forest fires as land dry
- Legislation introduced to reduce home and industrial use of water
HI-TECH INDUSTRY: M4 CORRIDOR
M4 corridor runs from Wales to London and is home to a lot of high tech firms like microelectronics, Rolls Royce and British Aerospace because it has:
- M4 motorway to allow inputs and outputs to be transported
- Mainline railway Wales to London
- Heathrow airport (and 4 others) for international links
- Large labour force from London and nearby towns (e.g. Reading)
- Nearby firms to exchange ideas
- Near Bristol, Bath, Reading and London Universities for expertise and research
- Attractive environment for workers e.g. National parks like Dartmoor
INDUSTRY IN AN NIC: MALAYSIA
- Malaysia first developed heavy industry like steel and ship building
- Now concentrating on high tech industry like microelectronics and biotechnology
- Aims to be an MEDC by 2020
- Many industries not run by government anymore but privatised
- Uses a large workforce so attract workers from Indonesia and Philippines
- Attracting foreign companies too
- Now building a new international airport, new towns, science parks and high tech buildings like Petronas building
INFORMAL SECTOR IN LEDCS: RIO, BRAZIL
Vendors on Copacabana beach sell sunhats, lotions, cold drinks, jewelery and roses
Benefits
- Self employed
- Little capital (money) involved
- Labor intensive
- Use cheap resources
- Employs many people - 15,000
- Gives skills
- Uses local materials
Drawbacks
- Small scale
- No government assistance
- Illegal
- Women and children as workers
- Low standards of goods
- Work irregular wages for uncertain wages
- Not paying taxes
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER: ITAIPU DAM
- Located along River Paraná: large reliable flow of water
- Hard impermeable rock was ideal for constructing both the dam and reservoir
- However 40,000 people had to be relocated because of construction
- Before construction, already reasonable amount of infrastructure due to nearby towns
- Depth of valley and the relief of wider area flooded for reservoir means Itaipu has lowest flooded area per unit of power production of all HEP schemes in Brazil
NUCLEAR POWER: DAYA BAY, CHINA
- Located at Daya Bay in Guangdong, south-east China
- Coastal location: seawater to used in the cooling process
- Hard rock in area: solid foundation for large and heavy installations
- Not on plate fault: no major threat from earthquakes or faulting in area
- Major cities not too far (Hong Kong 50km) so little energy is lost in transmission, but reasonable distance away in case of a nuclear accident
- Nearby supply of labour
- General infrastructure is very good
THERMAL POWER: KINGSNORTH, UK
- Major 2000MW thermal power station in south-east England
- Located on the banks of the Medway estuary: lots of water for cooling
- Port facility: allows importation of coal and oil
- Adjacent to farmland and no significant residential areas nearby: lots of space
- Not too far away from house: not much energy is lost in transmission
CHANGING POWER SOURCES: THE UK
- UK government wants to reduce CO2 emissions & increase renewable sources.
- By 2020 the UK aims to produce about 15% of its energy from renewables
- 2011, UK had 296 wind farms and over 3,400 turbines
Renewable power:
- Wind: source for greatest amount of renewable energy in the UK.
- 2010, world’s largest offshore wind farm opened in Thanet, on Thames estuary
- Many wind farms have been set up, particularly in Scotland and Wales.
- Biomass: Production of energy from biomass is expanding.
- 2011, new biomass energy centre was opened in Chilton, Durham.
SOIL EROSION: NEPAL
- Deforestation occurring for the growing need for fuelwood
- 25% of the forest was removed between 1990 and 2005
- Removing trees on steep slopes leads to soil erosion
- Monsoon rains between May and September increase erosion
- Villagers in Tadiya have easy access to the forest to collect fuel and fodder however they are having to travel further and further
- Women spend 1/3 of their day collecting firewood for fuel
- Using fuelwood for tourists (70,000 per year) has increased deforestation and soil erosion by 10%
RAINFOREST CLEARANCE: AMAZON
Causes
- Slash and burn farming by Amerindian tribes like the Yanomami
- Subsistence farming by 25 million landless peasants
- Commercial cattle ranching
- Highway and railway
- Timber/ logging companies
- Mineral mining eg diamonds, gold
Effects
- 30000 known species could be threatened
- Could lose the cure for diseases
- Loss of Amerindians + tradition due to European diseases
- Soil erosion and a loss of nutrients in soil
- Climate change and global warming
- Affects global carbon/oxygen levels
RAINFOREST CLEARANCE: AMAZON
- Zones for different activities
- Loggers use selective logging practices
- Laws + fines and prosecution for law-breaking
- Limit licenses to be given out
- Restricting use of heavy destructive machinery
- Avoid construction where local tribes exist
- Community forestry development scheme to educate local people
- Increased patrols
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