Development
- Created by: tildahewitt
- Created on: 23-03-17 12:21
What is development?
'An increase in standards of living and quality of life for an increasing proportion of the population.'
DEMOGRAPHIC- decrease birth.r, increase life exp.
ECONOMIC- increase GDP, GNI or PPP
SOCIAL- equality in gender, race relations, greater participation in political processes.
ISSUE OF SCALE
SCALE- global, national, regional, local, individual
Pockets of poverty- first world in third/ third world in first
1950s
MODERNISATION-Europe reconstructed after war
other countries dev. as a result of STATE- DIRECTED MODERNISATION
Dev. implied LEDCs modernised and assumed the qualities of MEDCs
1960s
Modernisation theory challenged by DEPENDENCY THEORY
Highlighted weak structural position of THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES
TNC became increasingly powerful and used ECONOMIC and POLITICAL power to exploit or suppress less powerful or vulnerable nations
NORTH/SOUTH DIVIDE
-OVERSIMPLIFIED
-Within the North SIGNIFICANT west-east DIVIDE
-No regional variations
-Doesn't take into account the local cost of living, unlike PPP
-GDP is an income measure that ignores other dimensions
MEASURING DEV.
COMPOSITE MEASURES:
-Human Development Index (HDI)
-Multidimensional poverty index
-Human suffering index
GDP (gross domestic product)
-wealth by location
-if something is made in a country it's included e.g car manufacturers
GNP (gross national income)
-wealth by ownership
-total income that residents in a country earn annually
IS WEALTH A USEFUL MEASUREMENT?
-CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS
-DISTRIBUTION of wealth
-informal sector employment
-GOV. spending
-fluctuating VALUE of GOODS
-REMITTANCES
-correlation with standard of living/quality of life
-IMPORTANCE of money
INDICATORS
ADULT LITERACY RATE
PROS- level of ed. available, easy to understand
CONS- importance of other skills, reasons for poor literacy not told
LIFE EXPECTANCY
PROS-level of healthcare/sanitation, access to food water, working conditions
CONS- impact of natural disaster
INFANT MORTALITY
PROS- quality of healthcare, water, food supply
CONS- not all births& deaths registered, social or polictical factors
INDICATORS
DAILY CALORIES
PROS-access to food, impact on Q of L, impact on health
CONS- doesn't tell us nutrition deficiencies
CARS PER 1000 PPL
PROS- level of wealth, level of infrastructure
CONS- distribution of wealth not told, impact on enviroment
% OF EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE
PROS- level of industrial dev., avg income, level of eduction
CONS- eurocentric measure
BIG MAC INDEX
-INVENTED by the ECONOMISTS
-PURCHASING POWER PARITY THEORY
-EXCHANGE RATES should balance out so that a basket of food would COST the SAME AROUND THE WORLD
HDI
SIMPLE summary measuring 3 parts of DEV.:
-LIFE EXP.
-ADULT LITERACY
-GDP PER CAPITA
PROS-social and economic measure, easily comparible
CONS- factors weighted the same, comparitive measure, easier for less dev. countries to progress
GENDER RELATED DEV. INDEX
- RATIO of female to male HDI
-HDI calculated for FEMALES AND MALES with the SAME METHOD
-addresses GENDER GAPS in 3 MEASURES
HUMAN POVERTY INDEX
HPI 1- used for DEVELOPING countries
HPI 2- used for DEVELOPED countries
HPI 1
-% of ppl not expected to reach 40
-adult illiteracy rates
-% of ppl w/o access to safe water and health care
HPI 2
-% of ppl who don't survive to 60
-adult functional illiteracy rate
-% of ppl living below 50% of median personal disposable income
MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX
-someone DEPRIVED in 3 or MORE INDICATORS described as MPI poor
-info comes from HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS
-reflects both PEVALENCE of MULTIDIMENSIONAL DEPRIVATION, INTENSITY- how many ppl experience it at the same time
-BROKEN DOWN by INDICATORS
-allows PARTICULAR PROBLEM AREAS to be APPROPRIATELY ADDRESSED
HUMAN SUFFERING INDEX
measure of SOCIAL and ECONOMIC well being
-score of 0-10 on EACH FACTOR includes:
-LIFE EXP.
-DAILY CALORIE SUPPLY
-CLEAN DRINKING WATER
-INFANT IMMUNICATION
-SECONDARY SCHOOL EXPERIENCE
-GNP PER CAPITA
-RATE OF INFLATION
-COMMUNICATION TECH
RWANDA
Two tribes, Hutu and Tutsi's,16th century Tutsi moved into Rwanda- More dominant, Controlled wealth like cattle, Hutu without wealth, no power
GERMANY- Controlled Rwanda, Tutsi's selected as elite race
BELGIAN- Took after Belgians after WWI, Intensified the class structure, Forced labour, tax increases and beatings became the norm, Shift to cash crops
1950s- Tutsis began to campaign for independence, July 1962 Independence granted, Hutu's take control, Hutu rulers established ethnic quotas that limited Tutsi access to education and government employment
1989- Coffee prices dropped, Maintaining aid required agreement to the IMF structural adjustment programme, The French began to supply weapons and support to the Rwandan government, 1990 - 50,000 Rwandans marched in prodemocracy demonstration
1994- Tribal war, Genocide between Hutis and Tutsi
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT
The GAP between RICH and POOR countries, where MEDCs get RICHER and LEDCs get POORER.
WHY WE HAVE A DEV. GAP?
ECONOMIC- poor trade links, debt, primary products
SOCIAL- child education, safe drinking water, women in society
POLITICAL- unsustainable gov., corruption, conflict
ENVIRONMENT- poor climate, poor farming land, limited water, raw materials, natural hazards
HOW TO REDUCE THE GAP?
-INTERNATIONAL AID
-TRADE
-DEBT REDUCTION
-SELF HELP
SOUTH KOREA- RAPID GROWTH
-5 decades ago GDP per capita was COMPARABLE with Asia and Africa
-6th in the world for INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
-20th largest economies
-FIRST WAVE Asian Tiger
SOUTH KOREA- ECONOMIC, SOCIAL& POLITICAL
ECONOMIC- Established ports, Large consumer ports, Higher import taxes,TNCs attracted to low wages and tax, Large consumer markets
SOCIAL- Workforce willing to work long hours, Cheap labour
POLITICAL- Imports of technology, Know-how from Japan and US
SOUTH KOREA- ADV/DISADV
ADVANTAGES- More money available for consumer goods, More disposable income, Closing of the technology gap
DISADVANTAGES- Poor working conditions, Increase in pollution, Development of smog, Inequalities between
GAMBIA
-1 of world's POOREST countries, Average ANNUAL INCOME of £200, HDI 0.420, 63.5 years (life expectancy)
DEV. in AGRICULTURE- Methodist Mission Agricultural Project (MMAP)
- Established 1974, NGO, Focus on supporting farmers
BIOMASS ENERGY- 1. Promotes use of cooking stoves - Reduce deforestation and desertification 2. Trains Gambians how to use stoves
SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION FOR LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT- 1. Promotes affordable technologies2. Reduces time + effort for women to lift water: - Provides ropes, Drip irrigation systems been supplied to increase efficiency
GAMBIA DEV.
EDUCATION- 1. Methodist church established 13 schools- Enhanced quality, 2. Six years lower basic are compulsory (ages 7-13)- Free,Lack facilities, 3. Secondary education available
TOURISM- 1. 25% GDP, 2. Growth in luxury lodges, hotels, guest houses, 3. Tourism has been limited: Poor infrastructure, Country highways are dirt tracks, Power cuts and water shortages are common, 4. Potential for eco-tourism- Wide range of habitats, beaches, rivers
RELATION TO DEV. MODEL- 1. Rowstow's Model of Development
- Stage 2 (pre-conditions for take off)
- Reliant on agriculture
- Resources have started being exploited
- Increased quality of health and education through methodist church
2. Clark's sector model
- Increase in tertiary industry
- Tertiary industry will expand as investment in infrastructure increases
3. Minimal Quaternary
MALAYSIA
1. NIC
2. 2nd wave Asian Tiger
3. Tertiary 50% (biggest sector)
- Secondary 26%
- Primary 24%
4. Export rubber and tin
MALAYSIA REASONS FOR DEV.
ECONOMIC-Availability of cheap labour, Good transport systems and ports, Increase in jet aircrafts
POLITICAL- Role of Dr Mohammed- Oversaw economic growth + prosperity, Controlled movement of money, Gave local industries comparative adavantages
PHYSICAL- Presence of natural resources- Oil, Rubber, Palm, Timber
CULTURAL- Look East Policy- Introduced by Dr Mohammed, Based on Japanese success, Malaysian workers visited Japan, Learned about their work ethic and management
SOCIAL- Semi-skilled workforce, Investment in high education
FUTURE DEV.- MALAYSIA
1. Vision 2020
- Malaysian mega project is the Multimedia Super Corridor
- Aims to build new cities powered by solar
- Bring in international companies like Microsoft and IBM
- Attracted to tax breaks
- Presence of Bill Gates led to prestige
2. Cyberjaya- Every house connected to a city command centre, Increase communications
CRITICISM
.1,Vast amounts of money - Could be spent on housing
2. Government ignoring primary industry
3. Rubber and plant oil plantations less investment
4. Environmental degradation
5. Investment concentrated in centre
What model does Malaysia's development refer to?
ROSTOW'S MODEL
1970
- Oil exported to Japan
1980s
- Tourism develops
- Investment in higher education
- Universities built
1990s-2000
- Shift from labour intensive to high tech
- Building of science parks
- 2020 Vision Project and Cyberjaya
RWANDA
LASTING IMPACTS-
1. 95,000 children orphaned
2. No healthcare or educaiton
3. Debt $6 million
4. Rise of HIV/AIDS
COLONIALISM CONTRIBUTED TO POVERTY?
1. Europeans in elite position
- Money used to develop Europe
2. Excluded education
3. Increased debt
4. Conflict with DRC
5. AID/HIV
D.R. OF CONGO
Africa's first war, Deadliest conflict since WWII, Conflict began with colonialism
CAUSES- Rich in resources- Diamonds, gold, copper, cobalt and zinc,Corrupt government, Ethnic tensions
KING LEOPALD STALL DEV.- Created Congo Free State, Enslaves millions, Makes fortune for himself and Belgium, Exploits rubber, Responsible for death of 10 million people
1994 STALL OF DEV. - Genocide in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsi's) - 2 million Hutu's flee into Rwanda, Hutu's ally with Mobutu, Rwanda's Tutsi government fight against DRC
2008 STALL OF DEV. - Rebel groups emerged
- LRA
- M23
IMPACT OF CONFLICT -1. 5 million deaths, Safe water access 3%, 2.5 million people in capital live on less than $1 a day, Children account for 47% of deaths, 1.5 million displaced
WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?
The spread of COMPANIES, IDEAS and LIFESTYLES around the world, leading to a GREATER level of INTERDEPENDENCE between countries.
GLOBALISATION
WHY ARE WE MORE GLOBAL?-freedom of trade, container shipping, internet, increased air travel, liberalisation of trade, improving education in NICS
ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION- late 1990s- 50% of manufacturing jobs located in LEDCs and 60%+ of LEDC exports to MEDCs manufactured goods, WORLD TRADE of manufactured good increased more than 100x between 1955-2005
TNCs PLAY A PART- Transnational corporation, HQ in MEDC, factories commonly in LEDCs- cheap labour, cheap land, no trade unions, limited enviromental laws
REASONS FOR GOING GLOBAL-SELL INSIDE TRADE BARRIERS
-spread INDUSTRIAL RISKS
-take ADVANTAGE of INCENTIVES
-CLOSE to MARKET
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