Energy and Protein Synthesis Energy and protein synthesis 3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating ? BiologyUniversityAll boards Created by: Uxia LorenzoCreated on: 16-12-12 13:32 Cellular metabolism cells carry out a large number of chemical reactions to maintain Homeostasis Need energy = AEROBIC respiration ATP ATP = ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ADENINE AND 3 PHOPHATES AND RIBOSE GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE, ELECTRON TRANSPORT 1 of 10 Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm 6 Carbon Glucose breakdown to 2 3C pyrine acid units NET GAIN OF 2 ATP AEROBIC RESPIRATION oxygen present krebs cycle cytochrome system Mitochondria net harvest = 36 ATP 2 of 10 Cytochrome System Produces most of the ATP Oxygen occupies the final position in the electron transport Sometimes oxygen incorrectly bonds without electrons Free radical - o2, OH, h2, O2 3 of 10 Antioxidents Free radicals are cleared from the cell Ageing reduces this antioxident GSH - plasma reduced Gluthamine GSSG - Oxidised gluthathione 4 of 10 Proteins Synthesis Some provide structural support for cells, whilst others act as enzymes DNA TRANSCRIBED into MRNA mRNA TRANSLATED into amino acids Amino acid folds into specific proteins DNA transcription transfer DNA into RNA Many copies of RNA are made They act as the template for Protein synthesis RNA copy of gene is mRNA 5 of 10 DNA and RNA DNA - constructed by nucleotides polymers of nucleotides Base, sugar and phosphates Five bases and two sugars found in nature Purines - ADENINE AND GUANINE, two nitrogenous rings = differ in the position of the amino group Pyrimidines = Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil one nitrogenous rings differ in nature and position of side group and methyle group 6 of 10 RNA Consist of polynucleotide chain its consists of only one strand Pentose sugar is ribose uracil replaces thymine Only one strand of mRNA is needed to synthesize proteins. mRNA exists in single strands mRNA - messenger RNA tRNA - transfer RNA rRNA - ribosomal RNA snRNA - small nuclear RNA 7 of 10 Functions of RNA mRNA is a copy of DNA mRNA is read by ribosome Amino acid brought to ribosome by tRNA smRNA forms complexes with proteins 8 of 10 Protein degradation, Proteasome, Ubiquitin Destruction of proteins is as important for the maintanace of protein homeotstasis in cells - Protein Degradation. Proteasome - Deals primarily with endogeneous proteins transcription factors, cyclins, protein encoded by viruses Proteins that are unfolded incorrectly of translation. Ubiquitin - a small protein made of 76 amino acids Core proteins - 2 copies of 14 different proteins assembled in groups of 7 4 rings stacked on each other 9 of 10 Important Regulatory practice - made of 19 different proteins 6 of these are ATPases Some of the subunit have sites that recognise ubiquitin. Process - proteins to be destructed are conjunctionto a molecule of ubiquitin which binds to lysine. Complex binds to ubiquitin recognising site on regulatroy particle. Protein is unfolded by ATPases The unfolded protein is moved into the central cavity Active sites on the inner surfaces of the middle break various specific peptide bonds 10 of 10
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