Gel Entrapment - the enzyme is mixed with gel-forming ingredients and when the gel forms, the enzyme remains trapped in the gel matrix, the pores are large enough to let the substrate in, but not the enzyme
Chemical - covalent attachment of the enzyme to a supporting material
Adsorption - to various surfaces. however, as the attachment is not permanent, the method is usually only used for scientific studies or disposable enzymes
Encapsulation - enzymes are in a compartment behind a semi-permeable (porous) membrane Advantages
- No losses due to flushing away enzymes
- No purification/Immediate reuse
- more stable
- enzymes can be altered
Disadvantages
- High initial investment
- may lower catalytic activity/loss of activty when making beads
- diffusion of substrates/products may be hampered by immobilisation layer
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