Exam Style Definition Questions

- Idea that socila behaviour is biological / innate. Some innate traits are biologically determined because of genes.

- Examples: Sleeping even feral children even though no nurture still sleep as its needed to servive. Blinking o this to keep our eyes moist to protect eye sight.

- Idea that social behavoir is socially constructed . Taught through socialisation.

- Example: Speeking feral children don't speak as humans often grunt/growle, it is taught from parents. Going to the toilet often feral children go to the toilet the same way animals do or are incontinant

-Process we learn norms, values and aprpreate behavior to society. Only taught through the family (Talcot Parsons defined it as such)

- Example: Walking on two legs, many ferral children walk on all fours eg Edik. Using cutlery or learning to share thesear expected norms in many cultures  

- Prosses we learn norms, valuses and expected behavior for our society. This behavior is learned through agents of socialisation eg media, education, peer group, work & religion.

- Example: norms and valuse could e punctuality, hard work & obidiance these pass through education the hidden curriulem. Other behaviour is smoking and drinking these transmitted through peer groups by peer pressure

-Used to reinforce societies norms and values in people throug agents of socialisation. Referes to stratages that are assosiated with agents of formal control (police, gov, military, law)

- Example: official rules, police may arrest someone for braking the law, this acts as a deterrent. Stereotypin, police my be more vigilaent of surtain individuals who fall in to certain catagories eg race, age, gender

-Reinforce societies norms and values in individuals through agents of socialisation. This refers to tactics used by agents of informal cotrol (family, religion, peer groups, education, media)

- Example: peer pressure, group may pressure peopel into going against norms an values assosiated with youth culture. Role modles media inforce gender norms and valuse to people with role modles to follow  

- Unwritten rules which guide behavour in society - based on values. Socially constructed. Not fixed & different between societies & change over time. they are taught by angents of socialisation.

- Example: Eating with knife and fork norm in UK but not all cultures. Also relating to gender, norm for girl to were skirt but deviant for boy to do. Descused by Ann Oakley (feminist)

- Belifes and principals that and the reason behind human behaviour & norms. Taught through socialisation, agene of socialisation (described by Talcot Parsons).

- Examples: not steeling in Spata and some poorest parts of the world steeling is praised but fround upon in the UK. Queuing/waiting turn/respect this is expected in the UK but in other countries it is more of a huddle and who get to the frount and is seen first so cuing and waiting your turn has less importance. Willmott and Young described how it changes from culture to culture

- Position in society. Everyone has several statuses (Status Set).

- Can be ascribed status, achieved status. Can be high-status, low-status

- Exapmles: Prince Harry has ascribed high status he was born into the royal family, his dad is a king, he didn't have to work for his status, high as he is known all over the world. Another example, Danny Dyre achieved low status, he is from a council estate and earned fame through acting, low as he is only known in the UK.

- The part you play in society. Have more than one role at the same time. Roles have norms and values attached to them. Different in each society and changes over time.

-Example: teacher, is expected to be professional, safeguard students, plan lessons, attend meetings & help students develop.

- Roles may also be different for genders. Example: females are traditionally expected to be the mothers and housewives (expressive role) whereas men are traditionally expected to be the breadwinners and providers (instrumental role). Discussed by Parsons who talked about how family socialises people into traditional gender roles. 

- Language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, roles, knowledge and skills together make the way of life in a society. Transmitted through socialisation from one generation to the next.

- Example: consumer culture - influencers advertise a product to get more people to buy it.

- Example: popular culture - reading classical literature could only be done by the upper classes who had a good education now it is more accessible to all and is done in secondary schools as a part of the national curriculum. 

- Smaller group within a larger culture (the minority of the majority). Groups of young people who don't follow norms and values form subcultures. Differ in fashion, music, leisure and behaviour.

- Example: Cohen discussed Mods and Rockers, two conflicting youth subcultures who acted deviant, and broke social norms by dressing and behaving differently. McRobbie discusses how young girls in the 70s formed bedroom culture, as they socialise in their bedrooms  and followed media portrayal of the cult of femininity

- Enjoyed by elite, upper classes. Believed only those with good breeding and education could appreciate the arts. The position these classes hold prevents people outside of privilege from accessing it.

-  Example: Blood sports, fox hunting, and expensive activities needed horses and specially trained dogs so people not part of the elite could not afford to partake in it. Affording theatre boxes, despite not getting the best view of the stage is away from the crowd and are a lot more expensive, this creates a hierarchy and most can't afford these seats

- Popular to the masses regardless of class such as films, soap opera and music. Role to tell society what to media consume and how to behave.

- Example: shows like 'Love Island' influence people's desition on the best couple and how to like and dislike. Rap music, is enjoyed by a wide range of people, and often encorages drug taking and other deviant behaviour and illegal acts, also suggesting how relationship should be and discourages fidelity for men 

`- enjoyed by millions across the globe, such as McDonald's and Starbucks. Due to globalisation, where countries are interconnected, socially, politically and economically. The world has become a small 'global village'  and cultural homogeny (same) has become a key feature, caused by immigration and sharing cultures.

- Example: McDonald's started as a chain restaurant in America but now there are millions globally even in some of the poorest areas. Britains Got Tallent, there are millions of similar shows such as Americas Got Tallent and Asias Got Tallent highlighting the shared enjoyment of this type of show.

-Related to what we buy and consume in society. Often portray a sense of identity through what is bought/worn. Uk/western society growing and large 

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- Groups from different cultural backgrounds live separately in society. Isn't the decline of cultural sameness as some diverse societies still have value consensus.

- Example: China Town, full of Chinese people follows cultural traditions and architecture, with no other cultural inspirations and has no impact on the wider society. Gay clubs often LGBTQ+ individuals go for a good time or to meet someone, as often they have the same or similar sexual preferences.

- Different cultures are equal in society and have the right to preserve their culture.

- Example: End of segregation, enables as it enables people from different ethnic minority backgrounds the same opportunities and respect as the people from the dominant ethnic background. Takeaways such as Chinese and Indian, this support the preservation of food cultures and enable people from different cultural backgrounds to experience this.

- How you see yourself and how others see you. Socially constructed by agents of socialisation and are constantly changing in society.

- Examples: Disability Identity, despite laws like the disability act 1995, discrimination, social and physical barriers still present obstacles for disabled people leading to 2 approaches, the medical model was all they see are the limitations of their disabilities giving them a 'victim blaming mentality' (Shakespeare mentioned this in 1996) or the social model, this focused on the inaccessibility of society like building designs. This creates the view that disability is constructed as society decides what is normal and what is abnormal.

Sexual Identity, refers to sexual or romantic attraction, there is no specific way to 'act gay' and 'acting gay' doesn't necessarily lead to homosexuality showing it has been socially constructed as society decides what acting gay is.

- A physical or mental imparment that has a long term effect on a persons ability to carry out everyday tasks

- e.x. 

Austism: struggling with social interaction & understanding norms

Paraplegic: An not move (is paralised) from the waist down.

The paralimpics have rased awairness & highlighted positive atchevemnets of disabled people