GCSE AQA Physical Education Notes Chapter 1
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- Created on: 19-10-10 10:24
The Participation as an Individual - Age 1
Age is beyond our control and links with physiology factors as varous physical effects of ageing effects our participation.
- Flexability - maybe high in our teens but decreases with age and weight gain.
- Strength - decreases with age but younger people won't reach full strength untill they are fully grown, in late teens or early twenties. This is why weight training is not recommened for some age groups.
- Oxygen - capacity reduces with age and heart becomes less effecitive. Arteries gradually lose their eleasticity, increasing blood pressure and reducing blood flow.
- Skill levels - improve with age and experiance, as well as improving as we get bigger and stronger - a tall person will find it easier to shoot in basketball than a shorter person.
The Participation as an Individual - Age 2
- The older you get the longer it takes to recover from injuries there is more of a chance you'll suffer from disorders and diseases. Also build up of wear and tear of the body.
Knowing these factors a althele can take them into consideration. This is why top level gymnasts peak in their mid-teens, few compete in their twenties.
Age Division - as a result of factors to age. There is some flexabilty with these with under-14, under-16 and under-18 where younger players who have physically matured quicker can play at an older level. This rarely happens in contract sports though due to a physical mismatch.
The Participation as an Individual - Disability 1
Disability
Disability is in 4 main catarogies:
Physical. Mental. Permanent. Temporary.
All sports can be adapted for the disabled. Sporting govening bodies all try to do this. Examples:
- Paralympics are held every 4 years after Olympic Games. With 20 events from althetics to equestrain events to football.
Adapted sports are like wheelchair basket ball where the hoops are the same height but somes rules such as traveling are changed.
Inclusion: a policy that no one should experiance barriers to learning as a result of their disability, heritage, gender, specail educational needs, ethnicity, social group, sexuality, race or culture.
The Participation as an Individual - Disability 2
Adapted equiptment such as footballs with bells in for the visually impaired or blind so they can track the ball. Also adapted wheelchairs to do yoga, tennis, althetics, fishing, rugby, hockey and dance.
Disability classification exsits for activies and relates to a particualar physical demands of that sport. For example in althletics uses a system of letters (T for track and F for field) and numbers to identify the particual disability to make things fair.
All factilites are legally required to cater from the disabled by:
- Access - doorways must be big enough for wheelchairs and ramps provided.
- Parking - disabled bays marked and made available.
- Provision - lifts to higher floors, disabled toliets, and specific clubs and activies suited for disabled.
The Participation as an Individual - Disability 3
All factilites are legally required to cater from the disabled by:
- Access - doorways must be big enough for wheelchairs and ramps provided.
- Parking - disabled bays marked and made available.
- Provision - lifts to higher floors, disabled toliets, and specific clubs and activies suited for disabled.
Inclusion: a policy that no one should experiance barriers to learning as a result of their disability, heritage, gender, specail educational needs, ethnicity, social group, sexuality, race or culture.
The Participation as an Individual - Gender 1
Physical Differences:
- Body shape, size, and physique are different in men and women. Women are smaller overall with a flatter broader pelvis (for childbirth,) women have smaller lungs and heart, a higher percentage of fat (25% for young females opposed to 15% for young men but this can also be affected by diet and metabolic rate.)
- Due to smaller heart and lungs women have a smaller oxygen capacity.
- Muscle strength and power can vary, women have less total muscle.
- Women are more flexible.
- Girls mature faster than boys because of this some competitions between younger males and females can be fair but after 11 boys start to become taller and stronger and so from then games are played in single sexes.
- Females can be affected by their period and hormone inbalance which can disadvantage them whereas males are less effected by this.
The Participation as an Individual - Gender 2
Discrimination:
- Women have always been seen as the weaker sex, they were not allowed to take part in the olympic races greater than 800 metres untill 1960 and the 1,500 metres was added in 1972 and the 10,000 in 1988. Many other sports that have been seen as 'man' sports such as football only recently have seen a surge of women players, it is the fastest growing sport. Some women may also find their religion forbids them to take part as they have certain clothes to wear.
- Only recently have women been given equal rights to become officials, managers etc.
The Participation as an Individual - Physique
Physique is a natural thing and is unchangeable but you can change your body composition (percentage of body weight that is fat, bone and muscle) and musculature (the system or arrangement of muscles in the body) however height and body shape can't be changed.
The three somatotypes:
- Endomorph - pear shaped with wide hips, wide shoulders and a tendency to gain fat, especially in the upper arms and thighs, they have short legs in relation to their midsection. They will find it hard to do weight bearing exercises. Suited to scrum members in rugby or sumo wrestler.
- Mesomorph - wedge shaped body with broad, wide shoulders, muscled arms and legs, narrow hips and minimum amount of fat. Suited to swimming.
- Ectomorph - long, slender, and thin with narrow shoulders, hips, thin arms and legs with very little muscle and body fat. Suited to marathon running, gymnastics and jokies.
The Participation as an Individual - Enviorment 1
Some enviormental factors can be overcome but most can't. You have no control over the weather but proffessionals can normally afford of go to other countries in order to train. For example a skier would go somewhere with snow and mountains.
Training - if you are a runner you may not be able to train if it is icy. Similarly a tennis player might not able to play in the snow.
Competing - Many actitives are cancelled due to bad weather including being too hot, cold, wet, foggy, windy, dry (hard grounds) or because of thurnder storms.
Pollution - is a serious health risk to people exersicing init and can affect competing and training. If pollution levels are too high then training can only happen indoors with air conditioning and climate control, this limits training.
Altitude - this is how high an area is above sea level, it is an advance at endurance sports as more red blood cells are produced to carry the limited oxygen.
The Participation as an Individual - Enviorment 2
Altitude - this is how high an area is above sea level, it is an advance at endurance sports as more red blood cells are produced to carry the limited oxygen.
Humidity - is the amount of water vapour in the air. Humidity mixed with heat makes it hard to perform as keeping your body cool and hydrated it very difficult.
Terrain - is the landscape. This is vital as skiers need snow, slopes and mountains and surfers need sea and surf.
The Participation as an Individual - Risk and Chal
People seek out an andrenaline rush caused by risk and challenge activies. This is a main reason people do activies.
Challenging Activies:
- Outdoor and adventurous activies clearly have many more challenges. For example a climber is going to have to deal with enivroment such as height and difficult climbs. People do this are challenging in order to be worthwhile, normally once a certain condition or area has been dealt with another one comes along.
- A challenge can also be a factor, like tackling a bigger oponent in rugby is a physical challenge, as is it run a marathone.
Risk Assessment: It is vital that potential hazards and dangers are spotted and taken into account before a physical activity is undergone. All aspects of the sporting enviorment has to be considered in order that challenge is present but safety is considered.
The Participation as an Individual - Risk and Chal
Risk Control: is were very participant and organiser has to take part in a safe manner once the right level of risk assessment has been carried out.
- Participants should follow the rules and regulations, they should also aviod foul play and bad behaviour. This should be considered when preparing equipment such as football studs could hurt another player and jewellery shouldn't be worn.
- Organisers need to make sure that they are fully qualified and knowledgeable so they don't mix age groups, gender groups, have too many people taking part and everyone is properly warmed up.
Safeguards, first aid boxes and qualified people need to be at hand, also a phone needs to be close in case of an emergancy.
The Participation as an Individual - Activity Leve
Individuals levels are need obviously vary and have to be considered under two specific needs and the effects that will result because of these activity needs.
Activity needs:
- Competitive activites require performers to be highly committed as they need to train to compete. This might mean doing two training sessions a week , which might further be broken down into finess training and skill training, followed by a competitive match over a weekend. For example: a cricketer might have to give up a whole day for a match they are involved in. A netball player may have to set a side a whole day to travel to a fixture and to play a game. If a performer is a professional competitor they will competitior they will concentrate on their particular activity full time.
- Recreational activities are not a demanding, these types of activity do not require any periods of special training or preparation. The only requirement is to take part in the activity for some length of time and at a conventient time.
The Participation as an Individual - Activity Leve
- Performance levels are a factor, as someone who is performing at the top level of their sport, such as an area, county or an international conpetitor would find that they have to dedicate a lot of time to being a activte participant.
- Indiviual factors, such as age, may also be an influence as a younger person who is at school may have more leisure time to take part in activities than an adult working 9 to 5.
Activity effects:
- High levels of participation are likly to bring benifits, see chapter 5. The health benifits can only be maintained if levels of participation are continued on a regular bases. There are also benifits like enjoyment of the social aspect of taking part and satisfaction of competition success.
- Low and frequant levels of activites clearly have little effect.
The Participation as an Individual - Training 1
This is a factor a person has nearly complete control over .
Level of Participation, someone taking part in sport at a high level will want to train as much as possible. For some this is on a daily basis and they often consider periodisation. This is to ensure a performer peaks at the right time, usually at a major competition or tournament. This would take into account the compeititive year:
- Pre-Season - this is the time leading up to the time when the majority of the competition will take place and time for preparation. It mainly consists of fitness and developing technique.
- Peak Season - this is the main competivie period and there would need to be a concertration on skill, ongoing fitness sessions as well as competitions.
- Post -Season - this is mainly a period of rest and recovery but there is a need to keep up general fitness.
In may activites now there are now all year round training, so no post - season. Cricketers play in England in the summer and Austraila in the winter.
The Participation as an Individual - Training 2
Available time - professionals have totally free choice of time to train as this is their work. In order to improve you need time to train, you can only get to a higher level if you train frequantly. For an amateur, fitting in their training can difficult. Swimmers for example have to train early in the morning.
Available funds - the amount of money you have effects training. Funding can mean more time, better facillities and equipment, and even possibly hiring a specialist trainer or fitness coach. This is why sports performers seek sponsorship to enable them to train, at either higher level or more regularly.
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