GCSE Geography AQA - Changing Urban Environments
Include case studies, basically the whole syllabus :) EXPAND ON THEM IN THE EXAM!
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- Created by: Jenny Hoper
- Created on: 15-06-12 15:32
Urbanisation
More rapid urbanisation in less developed countries - less % in urban areas.
Less rapid urbanisation in more developed countries - higher % in urban areas.
Rate of urban growth increasing in least developed countries.
In 2010 - over half world's population live in towns & cities.
Causes for urbanisation - rural-urban migration (push & pull factors) & natural increase (birth rate exceeds the death rate)
More developed countries - more rapid in 19th century - new farm machinery caused unemployment, moved to cities; work was main pull factor
Less developed countries - push: drought, floods, poor crop yields, lack of land, poverty, unemployment, poor services; pull: earn more money, better standard of living, housing, education & health
Rural-urban migration linked to natural increase - many young migrate, have children in urban areas - natural increase
Morphology, Issues With Housing & Brownfield Sites
CBD - Central Business District - main shopping & service area; main place of work; easily accessible (middle); historic core
Inner City - built before 1918 in UK; terraced houses/high rise; high density; iron grid street pattern
Inner Suburbs - built after 1945; bigger house; lower density
Outer Suburbs - built after 1945; bigger drives & gardens; more space; low density
Rural-urban fringe - where urban area meets countryside
Issues with housing - increase in population: up 7% since 1971 (UK); 7 million of UK's population live alone; increase in housing: up 30% since 1971; caused by increase in single households - rent/buy younger, marry later, divorce, live longer
Brownfield Sites - already roads, near shops & work, transport, water & electricity already provided, less unused land, easier to get planning permission
Greenfield Sites, Brownfield Development & Congest
Greenfield sites - no restricting roads, land cheaper, gardens, site doesn't need clearing, more appealing to live, some local shops
Strategies in UK to develop brownfield sites:
- UDCs (Urban Development Corporations) - set up in 80s & 90s, use public funding, improve inner city areas, attract private investment
- City Challenge - local authorites design a scheme, submit bid for funding,involves local community & private organisations
- Sustainable Community - offers housing, employment & recreation opportunites, broad balance with environment, good quality of life
Why are city centres so congested with traffic? - narrow & old roads; most don't live in CBD so must travel in; some prefer driving to public transport; more people own cars (27% 2 cars, 45% 1 car); easier to use own car; may want to go to specific place in CBD - go by car; big youthful population; main place of work
Problems With Congestion & Segregation
Problems caused by traffic congestion - air pollution; noise pollution; looks unpleasant; respiratory problems; conflict with cyclists; costs & difficulties of parking; stress for motorists; worse in rush hour; badly effects environment, plants & animals
Segregation - occurs where people of particular ethnic group choose to live with others of the same ethnic group, separate from others
Reasons for segregation - support from others, feel safe, sense of belonging; family culture, same language & beliefs; safety in numbers, stronger as a group; specialist facilities - mosques, shops etc; employment factors - low paid, only afford cheap housing in inner city - in Leeds tried to improve children's achievements, involve them, increase employment opportunities
Where do ethnic people live? - inner city areas - cheaper; more access to possible employment; if ethnic group already live there, migrants may move there too
Problems - racism, violence, graffiti, do low paid work - area deprived & run down, stigmatised, go into decline
Reducing Segregation
Reducing Segregation - increase children's achievements, better qualifications & higher paid; increase employment, basic skills, mix with other groups; increase community involvement, needs are understood; provide facilities that encourage community to meet
Cities in developing countries - struggle to provide adequate supply of essential services water, electricity, health etc; constant flow of new arrivals; over 8 million a year move from rural to urban in China
Problems caused by rapid urbanisation in developing countries - economic problems - informal sector; social problems - growth of squatter developments; environmental problems - traffic congestion & water pollution
Informal sector - part of economy where jobs created by people trying to get an income - mending bikes etc; not recognised on official figures
Underlying cause of all social problems - lack of income; few jobs in formal sector; travelling is expensive, have more children in hope one will get a job
Squatter Settlements
Squatter settlements - outskirts, use any material they can, high density
Social problems - housing, effects on health & family life for those in squatter settlements
Self Help - authorites support residents in slums to improve homes; coorporation between residents; clear rubbish; authorites offer grants & cheap loans; build health centres, schools etc; advantages - help themselves, stand pipes improve water & sanitation, offer grants/loans; disadvantages - have low GDPs so may not be able to afford it, maybe tension between residents & authorities
Site & Service - land identified for scheme - proper water supply, sanitation, electricity; advantages - water, sanitation & electricity provided, can build for themselves; disadvantages - no inital material provided, no definite help with money
Local Authority - large-scale improvements or new towns e.g. Cairo new towns like 10th of Karmadam City to reduce pressure in city, high rise flats, shops, schools, mosque, employment; advantages - big improvements; disadvantages - may not want to move, costs a lot
Environmental Problems, Sustainable Cities & Stick
Environmental problems - industrialisation; disposal of waste; landfills; recycling; air pollution; transnational corporations (TNCs); water pollution
Characteristics of a sustainable city - environment not damaged; economic base is sound, resources allocated fairly, jobs secure; strong sense of community
Conversing historic environment - reflect long histories, maintenence expensive but support economic activities; old industrial cities may have old/derelict land; repair & renovating, valuable to preserve heritage; tourist attractions, good centres for commerce, industry, retail centres, upmarket residential area
Involving local people - more like to respong positively; cosulting people at planning stages, can survey opinions; asking what they want & giving it, happy; have meetings in local halls, feel included
Stick strategies - congestion charges; restricting access by car; increase fuel tax; increase road tax; impose speed limits; prevent new roads being built; increase car parking charges; car-free zones
Carrot Strategies
- safe cycle lanes
- improve people's knowledge of public transport
- workplace travel plans
- walking to school bus system
- share delivery lorries
- upgrade current public transport
- intergrated public transport systems
- 'Park & Ride' systems
- more frequent buses
- flexible working hours
- CCTV cameras on buses
- extension of bus lanes
- Oyster Cards etc
- modern electrified tram systems
- improved quality of buses
- traffic lanes for 2+ people in a car
- telework & teleconference - reduce journeys
Rowlands Castle
Village in popular tourist country of Hampshire
Railway station, popular commuter settlement
Proposed development of 35 dwellings & 12 flats in Redhill Road in grounds of Oaklands House; will use 1.4 hectares of greenfield land
Using greenfield land - no road restrictions, land cheaper so buildings larger, no cost for clearing land, gardens, countryside setting, local shops & good travel
Some opposition from local residents - increased traffic, less surrounding countryside, more businesses, schools, doctors, shops etc
Gunwharf Quays
West of Portsmouth, near CBD
Previously owned by Royal Navy - Naval Ordnance Department until 1919; Naval Torpedo School & named HMS Vernon - damaged by bombs, diving trials; Prince Charles commanded HMS Bronnington 1970s & HMS Vernon closed in 1986
1992 declared conservation area by Portsmouth City Council, declared for purchase 4th June 1991 - 1995 Berkely Group proposed development brief,1997 council approved it
Main features of scheme - incorporate old buildings into modern environment; Vulcan building mix of residential/commercial uses; Vernon building into traditional style pub; mix of retail, restraunants & leisure; mult-screen cinema
Example of redevelopment of brownfield site, used derelict land, roads already existed, easy to get planning permission, cut cost of commuting, already water & electricity
Brought tourism to Portsmouth, Spinnaker Tower UK landmark
London Dockland Corporation (UDC)
Location - London Docklands
Dates - LDDC set up in 1981 -1988 regeneration, east end of London
What was done - 431ha of land sold for development; Docklands Light Railway; 2.3km2 of commerical/industrial floorspace built; 762ha of derelict land reclaimed; 2,700 businesses trading;
Who was involved - central government started it with a grant
Where funding came from - local government controlled by central government, £1.86bn; £7.7bn from private investment
24,046 homes built; 5 new health centres; redevelopment of 6 more; 11 primary school; 2 secondary schools; 3 colleges; 85,000 people working there
Advantages - 120,000 jobs; new image of docklands; middle class people to area, followed by shops, restraunants, bars; disadvantages - initially locals resisted, some tensions; new jobs for well qualified; little attention to poorer communities
Hulmes, Manchester (City Challenge)
Dates - crescents built in 1960s, 1992 redevelopment set up, crescents demolished in 1990s
What was done - 3,000 new homes, shopping areas, roads & community facilities, more traditional street pattern, streets, squares, 2-story houses, low rise flats, private & council homes
Who was involved - Guinness Trust, Bellway Homes, Manchester City Council, company responsible for Manchester City Airport
Funding - £375mn spent by organisations involved
Homes designed to conserve water, energy efficient, local schools & park built, crime greatly reduced, social mix of people, change to area's reputation, views of locals taken into consideration
Advantages - more appeal to live there, better quality housing, more pleasant environment, reduced crime; disadvantages - waste of resources - 1960s was redeveloped, temporarily rehouse residents
New Islington Millenium Village, Manchester (Susta
Dates - first redeveloped in 1970s, funding for area began in 2002
What was done - 66 new houses, 700 new apartments, 3,000m of canal side, 12 bridges, 10 new shops, 2 pubs, 2 restraunants, cafes & bars, 300 new trees, 2 garden islands, orchard & beach, primary school, 2 workshops, sustainable agenda
Who was involved - Urban Splash forefront, Manchester City Council & many other groups
Funding - all groups involved
100s new homes, environmentally friendly, 100s of trees, health centre, recycling collections, recycle 50% of waste
Advantages - more environmentally friendly housing, crime levels dropped, opportunities for employment, health care & education, more open space
Disadvantages - temporarily rehouse residents, loss of community spirit, waste of rescources, cost a lot of money
Portsmouth Park & Ride
Starts at - 1000 Lakeside North Harbour
Stops at - Edinburgh Road, The Hard
Costs including bus fare - £2.50/car
Days - every Saturday, bank holidays, special events
Times - 9am - 6pm
Run by Portsmouth City Council
London - Congestion Charge & Oyster Card
Congestion charge - central London 2003, west London 2007, £8 Mon-Fri 7am - 6pm
Advantages - 30% less congestion, 16% less vehicles, 14% less journey time, 20% less road accidents, more bikes, car sharing, more business for public transport, bus & taxi services better, lowered pollution levels
Disadvantages - less people shopping/entertainment, loss of commercial revenue, traffic displacement - more elsewhere, hit less well off people who are car dependent
Oyster Card - launched July 2003, London over & underground, London Buses etc
Electronic ticketing - central London, Docklands Light Railway, more than 80% of all journeys use Oyster Card
Portsmouth's CBD
Commercial Road
1972 - Pedestrianisation of CBD & Guildhall Square; 1976 - civics offices & central library built; 1989 - Cascades shopping centre built; 1999 - CCTV installed; 2001 new shopping areas, Gunwharf Quays, Spinnaker Tower
Since 2002 - smartened up Arundal Street, street furniture in Guildhall Square, current developments aimed at smartening up precinct area, new paving, new seating etc
The Tricorn Centre - was shopping, apartments, nightclub, car park in 1960s
1980s voted 3rd ugliest building in UK, demolishment began 24th March 2004, 9 months
Valuable land on CBD - new John Lewis, 200 homes, multi-story car park, scaled back due to recession, currently a car park
Dharavi, India
In Mumbai, India - Asia's largest slum, 600,000 people there
100s share a common toilet & water supples, open drains with human waste, diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera
Rooms less than 10cm2, can house a dozen people
shacks built from anything on illegal land, sometimes on water/slopes
poor quality of life, unhygienic, high pop. density
stress - frequent marriage break ups, crime & theft, no health care
lack of schools, fire hazardous, many homeless children, high infant mortality
in desperation people scavenge rubbish tips, lack of work/unreliable work
Plans - rehouse some into flats, rest of site for commercial development, some residents want to stay, think they are making money from them
Kibera, Nairobi in Kenya
Largest slum in Africa, 1mn per 1 square mile
Piles of rubbish, open sewers, most live below $1 a day, many homeless children, airbourne disease
Authorites building flats with sanitation, toilets & water supplies, residents completely rehabited
Benefits - higher quality conditions, water born diseases reduced, better quality of life
Social benefits - proper water supply, standard of living improved, no problem of open sewer
Economic benefits - more job opportunities, new shops & industries
Environmental benefits - water supply cleared up, reduced water pollution, rubbish problem not as bad in flats, less air pollution & spread of disease
Getting Rid Of Waste
Sao Paulo, Brazil - 2 huge incinerators burn 7,500 tonnes; making use of houseland waste - car tyres to sandals, food waste to fertilisers
Shanghai, China - installing solid wasre disposal unit that households can use as fertilisers
Bhopal, India - safe disposal of toxic waste is key issue in industrialisation; site covered in toxic waste, had to be shipped to USA to be disposed of; cities in poor countries can't be seen as places to easily get rid of it; large companies need to take more responsibility
Bangalore, India - e-waste covered by one enforcement order - inadequate; Greenpeace believe high-tech companies should take responsibility for waste disposal; extract dangerous chemicals from equipment at end of its life, recycling plants
China - cleaner renewable sources of energy, unpopular - could lead to introduction of carbon tax - taxed for producing more toxic emissions, ue low sulfure coal
Reducing Pollution
Mexico City - odd numbered cars only on one day, even numbered cards on the next
congestion charges put people off
improving public transport - more people use buses, trains, less congestion & pollution
Plan Verde - every Sunday transport closed, only cyclists; bike rental system - £18 for 3,000 uses; metrobuses; subways
Ganga Action Plan, India - 1986 introduced water treatment works on River Ganges - successful; however population growth not taken into account - water quality since deteriorated
Shanghai, China - Huangiou & Suzhou rivers improved water quality; world bank loan of $200mn for this in 2002
Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
World Heritage Site in 2004 - British Empire 18th & 19th C
Pier Head - Liver Building, Port of Liverpool Building, Cunard Building
The Albert Dock - dock buildings & warehouses, opened 1846, WW2 suffered bomb damage, fell into disrepair, 1980s massive regeneration - opened to public 1984, Tate Liverpool, Merseyside Maritime Museum, The Beatles Story
Stanley Dock Conservation Area - old warehouses in 19th C, by Leeds & Liverpool Canal, conserved, commercial/residential apartments, plans to redevelop into 100s of apartments
Sustainable because - used unused land, brought tourism - jobs, improved local economy; didn't need to be rebuilt, less pollution in central Liverpool, less need to build on greenfield land
Greenhouse, Leeds
Transformed 1930s brick building into sustainable carbon neutral development, known as 'Greenhouse'
South Leeds Regeneration Plan - construction work began 2007, residential & office use, example of brownfield site
How it reduced carbon emissions - solar panels, super insulation, sustainable building materials, fuel & water efficient, wind turbines
Citu & Leeds City Council & local community groups, £250,000 spent on landscape improvements, free on-site gym, on-site deli/cafe using local produce, shared courtyard
Sustainable transport - encourages car sharing, free bike club, secure bike storage, electric car club, electric car charging points, share taxis
Waste management - 85% waste recycled during building, intergrated bins, waste measured weekly
Land planning - more homes & employment together - less commuting
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