Geography 1.6 Urban Settlements 2

urban land use: a simplified model of the land use that may be found in towns and cities

The growth of cities in the 19th/early 20th century produced a form recognizable by its ULU

• central commercial area
• surrounding industrial zone 
• densely packed housing
• outer zones of suburban expansion and development

Land Value: varies with different land uses; land in the centre of cities is the most expensive

• the most accesbile land to public transport
• only a small amount available
• land prices decrease away from the central area

1. Asummed new migrants moved into inner city areas where housing was cheapest+closest to sources of employment

• residents move out of the inner city area as they become wealthier
• in the model, housing quality/social class increases with distance from centre

Centre Land-commerce 

Beyond Centre-manufacturing zone (includes high denisty housing for workers) 

Zone of Transition- from commercial to residential

2.

• emphasises the importance of transport routes + the incompatibility of certain land uses
• sectors develop along important routeways
• certain land uses deter each other and are separated by buffer zones/physical features
• ---high-class residential and manufacturing industry

The CBD is developed around the colonial core; commercial avenue extending from it. 

• that is the spine of a sector containing open areas, parks and homes for upper/middle class; has good-quality streets, schools, public services
• more employment opportunities

Further Out: recent suburbs (fewer services, haphazard housing)

Older established housing: along some sectors extending in towards the city centre

Industrial Areas: scattered alongmajor transport routes

Models describing development of cities in developing countries:

• the rich live closer to the city centre, the poor are found on the periphery
• better-quality land is occupied by the wealthy
• segregation by wealth, race and ethnicity
• manufacturing is scattered throughout the city

CBD "Central Business District": the commercial/economic core of the city                                    

• multistorey development: high land values force buildings to grow upwards; total floor space of CBD is much greater than the ground space                                                                                                   
• concentration of retailing: high accessibility levels attract shops w. high range + thresholds (e.g department stores in central areas vs. specialist shops in less accessible areas)                               
• concentration of public transport: convergence of bus routes                                                  
• concentration of offices: centrality favours office development                                                           
• vertical zoning: shops on lower floors for accessibility, offices on upper floors                                   
• functional grouping: similar shops/functions tend to locate together (increases their thresholds)                                                

• low residential pop: high bid rents can only be met by luxury apartments                                            
• highest pedestrian flow: attractive commercial outlets / service facilities                               
• highest traffic restrictions:pedestrianisation has reduced car access since the 1960s                         
• CBD changes over time: assimilation zone:direction in which CBD is expanding discard zone: direction from which it is moving away                                                                                                 

Disadvantages: 

• lack of space/sites
• high cost of land
• congestion
• pollution
• planning restrictions
• strict government controls