Geography PPE - physcial

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  • Created by: amyjo2605
  • Created on: 27-02-18 21:12

Asses the importance of governance in the successf

define mega disaster

  • 2000+ deaths or 
  • 200,000 homeless or
  • GDP falls by 5%+ or 
  • dependent on overseaas aid for more than 12 months 

haiti 2010

  • magnitude 7, up to 316,000 dead 1.3mil homeless and still dependent on aid
  • Tokuhu 2011 - magnitiude 9, 20,000 dead, 140,000 homeless
  • sichuan 2008 - magnitude 7.9, 87,150 dead and 5m homeles

key points to include:

  • corruption - aid unlikely to reach those in need 
  • organised - mitigation stratgeies (compare tokuhu tsunami and haiti, modify resilience)
  • japan - evacuation, miliatry preparation, risk assesments
  • aid from NGO's 

counter argument - development levels

  • haiti already hugely in debt 
  • japan has the money for the technology etc earthquake proof buildings 
1 of 12

Explain the formation of the cliff profile shown i

description 

  • low lying cliffs and shallow gradient at 3A
  • made of soft clay 
  • clay is more vulnerable than hard rock to marine erosion - collapse and reduce due to attrition, corrosion, corrasion, wave pounding and hydraulic action 
  • sea undercuts cliff causing it to slump

less resistent to weathering 

  • biological, physcial and chemical weathering 
  • rock to collapse as it it lower 
  • chemical weathering - more permeable than harder rock types, absorbs water and chemicals, leads to the cliff being denser then slumping 
2 of 12

Explain the influence of rock structure and lithol

compare the 2 cliff profiles 

  • hard rock - high cliffs of 12m, soft rock can't hold its weight and would slump

rock structure - large blocks shown in photo on coast

  • less likely to be created by general erosion and recession 
  • faulting is the cause - weaknesses in the rock structure 
  • bedding planes create weaknesses 
  • mass movement is more likely to indicate hard rock falling off in large chunks not slumping 
3 of 12

Explain how the sediment cell concept contributes

inputs, throughputs and outputs

  • inputs - sediment added from erosion and weathering breaking material down from the cliffs
  • LSD deposits elsewhere 
  • output of one area becomes input of another 
  • closed system 
  • 11 sediment cells in the UK

example - East Anglia cell 3

human intervnetion 

  • trap sediment and prevent LSD from outputting material 
  • then deprives other areas and promotes erosion
4 of 12

Evaluate the contribution that changes in sea leve

intro - lithology, disposition of rocks and sea level change 

sea level change

  • eustatic change - global change in volume of the ocean 
  • last glacial period - large amount of water frozen, now melting causing sea level to rise 120m
  • thermal expansion - global warming causing ice to melt and sea level to rise on a smaller scale (20cm since 1990)
  • emerege when sea levels fall and submerge when rise

example - SW England

  • rias - drowned river valleys due to marine transgression (land rebounds in relation to sea level rise)
  • creates drowned drainage systems 
  • river dart 
  • result of pre existing factors like lithology and topology
  • rocky coastline 
5 of 12

Evaluate the contribution that changes in sea leve

paragraph 2 - topology

  • dalmation coast at adriatic sea
  • long and narrow with chains of islands parrallel to coast 
  • before sea level rise there was a mountainous longitudinal coast running concordant to the coast (parrellel)
  • sea fills valleys leaving long narrow islands 

norway glaciation 

  • deep u shaped valleys 
  • ice melted leading to sea rise 
  • long thin and deep inlets created - fjords
6 of 12

Evaluate the contribution that changes in sea leve

paragraph 3 - isostatic change 

  • reigonal unlike eustatic being global
  • movement of land in relation to sea
  • during glaciation ice weighs land down on one side 
  • ice melts and land rebounds revealing fossil cliffs 
  • areas of scotland rebounding by 7mm per year

isle of arran 

  • sea level dropped leaving a raised beach 
  • back of beach are fossil cliffs with wave cut notch where raised meets fossil 

deposition has also caused these features

  • wave cut notch and stack formation originally created by erosional processes
  • combination of 2 resulted in this coastline 
7 of 12

Evaluate the contribution that changes in sea leve

paragraph 4 - short term sea level rise

  • isostatic and eustatic are long term
  • the tide can influence erosion rates 

conclusion 

  • sea leve change is significant 
  • works in harmony with the other factors 

for 

  • isostatic and eustatic 
  • short term tides

against '

  • dalmation coast 
8 of 12

Explain one reason why over-abstraction of groundw

problem - limited amount of groundwater available 

reasoning - bedrock is granite (impermeable) so has no storage 

therfore - there will only be surface run off to go to the salt water lake where is not useable 

9 of 12

Explain why river regimes might vary between basin

river regime = annual pattern of discharge for a river

2 main factors:

climate 

  • amount and seasonal variation of rainfall and temp - determine rate of evapotranspiration 
  • e.g. murray-darling in Austrailia - high flow in wet season and low in dry 

geology

  • permable rock - porous rocks can act as an aquifer storing water in the ground, ready to be released slowly into the system 
  • impermeable - variable and quick response regime with peaks of heavy rain 
  • e.g. nile - building a dam (Aswan) controls discharge so little variation between basins 
10 of 12

Explain how physical and human factors contribute

define

  • future supplies cannot be guaranteed 
  • stress = less than 1700m per person, scarcity = 1200

human factors 

  • increased demand - increasing pop till 2050 WHO
  • more meatbased diet - more animals using water 
  • climate change - more water being stored as gas

physical 

  • el nino - droughts e.g. Austrailia 
  • finite supplies - using at a faster rate than the system regenrates in 
11 of 12

Assess the likely impacts of climate warming on th

positive feedback

  • green arrows - 

negative feedback 

12 of 12

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