Glossary

• Ablation- A glacier's negative mass balance.
• Ablation Till- Material deposited by melting ice from glaciers.
• Abrasion (Corrosion)- Process of scraping or wearing something away.
• Accumulation- A glacier's positive mass balance.
• Active Layer- The seasonally thawed surface layer above permafrost.
• Advance (Glacial)- The result of the glacier's posiive mass balance.
• Alases- Shallow depressions which occur primarily in Yauktia.
• Anthropocene- Relating to the current geological age.
• Aeolian Processes- Processes which can shape glaciated landscapes.
• Angular- Having angles or sharp corners.
• Arete- A sharp mountain ridge.
• Artesian Pressure- A confined aquifer containing groundwater positive pressure
• Aspect- Direction which a slope/surface faces
• Avalanche- A mass of snow/ice and rocks falling rapidly down a mountain side
• Basal Sliding- The act of a glacier sliding over the bed due to meltwater.
• "Basket of Eggs" Topography- Arrangement of natural and physical features

• Bergschrund- A crevasse at the junction of a glacier.
• Blockfield- A surface covered by large rocks
• Braided Streams- A stream consisting of multiple small shallow channels
• Carbonation- Rainwater combines with co2 to make weak carbonic acid
• Crevasse- A deep open crack, especially one in a glacier.
• Cold-based Glacier- Temperatures at surface too cold for water to exist any point of year
• Compressing Flow- When the velocity of ice movement decreases
• Corrie (Cirque/Cwm)- Half open steep sided hollow at head of valley
• Cryoturbation- Mixing of materials from various horizons of the soil
• Debris Flow- Moving mass that travels down a slope via gravity.
• Deposition- Where material is picked up in one place and deposited in another
• Diagenesis- Process where snow becomes ice due to compression
• Drift- All material deposited during glaciation
• Drumlins- Low oval mound/small hill made of compacted boulder clay
• Ellipsoidal Basin- Basin having the form of an ellipsoid
• Englacial (debris)- Loose natural matieral
• Equilibrium Line- Where the inputs equal the outputs

• Erosion- Process of being eroded by wind, water or other nature
• Erratic- Rock/Boulder differing from the surrounding rock
• Escarpment- Long, Steep Slope especially at edge of plateau
• Esker- A long narrow ridge marking glacier tunnel location
• Extending Flow- Movement of ice
• Freeze Thaw- Where water enters racks and expands
• Frost Heave- Upwards swelling of soil during freezing
• Frost Shattering- Water trapped in rock pores freezes and expands
• Gelifluction- Seasonal freeze thaw action upon water logging top soils
• Geomorphic Processes- Nature and origin of landforms
• Glacial- Permanently covered by ice
• Glacial Landscape- Creates by areas of glaciers
• Glacier- Large slow moving mass of ice
• Glacier Mass Balance- Total accumulation minus total ablation
• Glacio-Fluvial- Material deposited by meltwater (also outwash)
• Granular Disintegration- Where grains of rock loosen and fall out
• Hydration- Water molecules added to rock minerals to form new materials

• Hydrolysis- Chemical reaction between water and rock minerals
• Hydrostatic Pressure- Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium
• Ice Sheet- Largest accumulation of ice
• Ice Shelf- Thick floating platform of ice
• Ice Wedge Cast- An ice wedge filled with sediment and dirt
• Ice Contact Drift- (See Kame)
• Internal Deformation- Type of glacial movement. Ice inside deforms.
• Inter-glacial- An interval of time
• Inter-granular flow- Individual ice crystals reorientate and move in relation to one another
• Isostatic Changes- Caused by build up of ice on land
• Jokulhaulps- A type of glacial outburst flood
• Kame- A mound-like hill of ice-contact stratified drift
• Laminar Flow- Movement of individual layers with glacier
• Lateral Moraine- Parallel ridges of debries deposited along sides of glacier
• Lithology- Chemical and physical composition of rocks
• Lodgement Till- Material deposited by advancing ice
• Mass Movement- Occurs when forces acting on slope material exceeds forces keeping it on slope.

• Microclimate- Climate of a very small or restricted area
• Nivation- Erosion of ground beneath and sides of snow bank
• Nivation Hollow- A small shallow depression aka Nivation Cirque
• Ognip- Opposite of a pingo
• Open System- Material system where mass/energy can go to/from environment
• Output- Amount of something produced by person, machine or industry
• Outwash- Material deposited by meltwater (Also glacio-fluvial)
• Outwash Plain- A plain formed of glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash
• Oxidation- Oxygen reacts with minerals in rocks
• Patterned Ground- Ground showing pattern caused by repeated freeze-thawing
• Periglacial (environments)- Area adjacent to a glacier
• Permafrost- Permanently frozen ground
• Pingo- Dome-shaped mound consisting of layers of soil
• Plucking- A process of glacial erosion
• Pressure Melting Point- Temp at which ice melts at given pressure
• Pressure Release- Weight of overlaying ice lost due to melting
• Pro-glacial (areas)- In front a proglacial lake
• Proglacial Lakes- Lake formed by damming action of moraine or ice dam

• Pyramidal Peak- An angular sharply pinted mountain peak
• Recessional Moraines- A series of transverse ridges running across valley behind terminal moraine
• Regolith- Layer of unconsolidated (weakened) solid material covering bedrock
• Relief- Steepness of slopes
• Retreat (glacial)- The result of the glacier's negative mass balance
• Ribbon Lake- A long, narrow finger shaped lake
• Rigid Zone- Boundary between zone of accumulation and wastage
• Roche Mountonnees- Small bare outcrop of rock shaped by glacial erosion
• Rockfall- Rock falls to the floor forming a scree slope
• Rock Flour- Consists of fine grained silt sized particles of rock
• Rock Glacier- A distinctive geomorphological landform
• Rock (corrie) Lip- Left from moraine when erosion rate decreases
• Seracs- A pinncale/ridge on glacier surface
• Scree (slope)- (A slope of) loose rock debris at bottom of steep incline
• Sliding- Move smoothly along a surface
• Slumping- A part of weathering

• Snout- Near the end of a glacier
• Solifluction- Gradual movement of wet soil (or other) down a slope
• Solution- Mineral dissolves in water
• Sorted/Unsorted (Deposits)- Drumlins, Moraines and Erratics
• Stadial- Moraine isotope stage
• Stone Polygon/Graland/Stripe- Where stone stripes are elongated
• (Un)Stratified (deposits)- Geological processes where soil and rocks added to landform
• Striations- Series of ridges, furrows or linear marks
• Structure (geological)- Result of powerful tectonic forces occuring in earth
• Sub-angular- Free from sharp angles but not smoothly rounded
• Subglacial (debris)- Formed/occuring at bottom of glacier
• Sublimation- When anything becomes gas without being a liquid first
• Subsidence- Gradual caving in/sinking of an area of land
• Supraglacial (debris)- Occuring at surface of glacier
• Talik- Layer of year round unfrozen ground
• Talus- Pile of rock that accumulates at base of cliff, chute or slope
• Tarn- A mountain lake or pool formed in a cirque

• Thawing- Become liquid or soft as a result of warming
• Terminal Moraine- Type of moraine that forms at snout
• Thermokarst- Land surface characterised by irregular surfaces
• Till- Material deposited directly by the ice
• Till Sheet- When a surface of ice becomes detached from glacier
• Trough (Glacial)- Elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure
• Valley Glacier- Streams of flowing ice confined within valleys
• Warm-based Glacier- Water at surface in summer
• Weathering- Erosion of the rock caused by various sources

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