HOW DID THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE AND THE CHURCH CHANGE?

PARLIAMENT ORGANISATION - 2 chambers, unelected House of Lords and elected House of Commons, 2 MPs represent each county, voting = property with income of 40 shillings a year

• Forced to call parliament periodically - needed grants of taxation for wars
• Summoned 7 times
• Granted requested money without argument until 1504 - forced to accept smaller sum than asked for (Commons)
• 1st parliamnt held after Battle of Bosworth - acknowledged claim to be king and passed series of Acts of Attainder to convict enemies

• Grant taxation for wars, met 4 times
• By1517, initial gains made in wars against France and Scotlans had been lost - parliament less keen to give him money, feared rebellion
• 1525 - led to Wolsey meeting opposition from Commons - £288,814 in taxation, £260,000 in unpaid loans, Wolsey met with silence

• Roman Catholic Church - highly powerul
• Head = Pope, power to appoint senior Churchmen, decisions based on monarchs wishes
• Baptisms, Confirmations, marriages and funerals held here
• Church fetials e.g. saint days such as Easter
• Alms - charity for the poor, sick and elderly
• Taught Heaven, Hell and Purgatory - help souls by good works and confessing sins
• Mass - important service, celebration of Last Supper (bread and wine into body and blood)
• Main source of education and learning
• Services and Bible in Latin
• Offered boys a chance to rise high in society eg. Thomas Wolsey became Henry VIII's chief minister and Chancellor
• Anticlericalism = clergymen had multiple posts, little contact with people they were supposed to serve
• Wealthy and powerful - critised for corruption and exploitation of people's fears - sale of indulgences

• Harmonious, other times rivals
• Church challenging monarchy, appointment of senior churchmen and Church's rights over sanctuary and benefit of Clergy (BoC)
• Tension = ability of papacy, intervene with Church affairs
• Henry VII - needed Church's support, upheld traditional privileges of Church
• Passed laws tightening control over who could claim BoC
• Good relationship with papacy - able to ensure appointment of own candidate, John Morton as Archbishop of Canterbury
• Anticlericalism existed, anticlerical feeling expressed by Hunne Affair, rich London merchant accused of heresy - found dead in Bishop of London's prison - rumoured to have been murdered
• Henry VIII's reign = loyal Catholic, book = The Defence of the 7 Sacraments, support of Catholic teachings
• Thomas Wolsey = bishoprics of Durham, Bath and Wells and Tournal, Archbishop of York, 1515 = Cardinal
• Church lost some independence 1524 and 1529 = 30 monasteries closed, used money to found a school in Ipswich and an Oxford College in his name
• Loyalties increasingly divided, Henry wanted an annulment, Wolsey fell from power (1529)

• 1527 = wanted an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, fell in love with Anne Boleyn
• Pope Clement VII under control of Holy Roman Emperor (Catherine's nephew Charles), denied
• Thomas Cromwell - used parliament to break from papal cntrol and placed Henry at head of English Church, allowed Henry to announce marriage no longer void
• 1529 = Parliament called, Act of Conditional Restraint of Annates, temporary stop to payments to Rome
• 1532 = submission of the clergy
• 1533 = Anne pregnant, Henry desperate to marry her, Cromwell persuaded parliament = Act in Restraint of Appeals, no legal appeals sent to Rome, created Statute Law
• 1534 = declared 1st marriage invalid and 2nd valid, heirs to throne were their children
• Used Act of Parliament to give supremacy authority of statute law, disobeyed = punished under law
• New Treason Ac = redfined as speaking against king and supremacy
• increased parliaments power - Mary I wanted return to Rome = had to call parliament 
• All religioud houses forced to take an oath
• BoC and sanctuary abolished
• 1535 = appointed Cromwell as Vicegerent in Spirituals

• 1536-1539 - dissolution of monasteries, move to Protestantism under Edward VI, Cromwell in charge = commissioners sent to investigate moral, spiritual and financial state of monasteries, Act of Parliament passed to dissolve them with income less than £200 per annum
• Led to Pilgrimage of Grace
• Last dissolved in 1540 - land and estates to Crown
• Henry VIII = £1.3 million, sold land off to members of nobility and gentry e.g. Cecil and Spencer families
• Cromwell = wanted to promote doctrinal change - Act of 10 Articles (1536), mostly in line with Catholic belief, Article of Eucharist ambigious, no of sacrament decreased from 7 to 3
• Cromwell issued 2 set of Injunctions to English Clergy - discouraged practices seen as superstitious
• 1539- Act of 6 Articles - reinforced Catholic doctrines
• 1543- King's Book published, emphasised traditional practices e.g. mass
• 1549 = Act of Uniformity introduced Thomas Cramner's new Book of Common Prayer - compulsory in all Church services
• 1552 - more Protestant version of BoCP released
• Mary I attempted to reverse changes - Catholicism

• Uniformity bill = restoration of supremacy not affected, reimposed 1552 Prayer Book, added 2 sentences to Communion fr 1549 Prayer Book, interpreted to suit both C and P
• Supremacy bill = Elizabeth "Supreme Governer" - accepted by including oath of loyalty, penalty for refusing = out of office
• Passed with votes 21 to 18, absence of Catholic Bishops and Abbot of Westminister
• Enforced settlement with Oath of Supremacy - only Bishop of Llandaff refused
• Power over Church increased, appointed Protestant sympathisers e.g. Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury
• Initial acceptance of settlement, 300/8000 refused oath, became basis for Elizabethan Church of England

• Contained no guaidance on doctrine
• Left to convocation, stepped in if unhappy
• 1563 = discussed 42 Articles - became 39 Articles
• Under Puritan pressure, passed Article 29, denied presence of Communion, forced it to be left out

• Some radical clergy refused to conform to rule about vestments - puritans simpler style = threat
• 1566 - ordered Parker to enforce it, issued Book of Advertisements, 37 clergy resigned in London in protest
• Local groupd set up prophesyings - meetings aimed at encouraging better education by Bible study and Puritan clergy practicing sermons
• Dangerous - difficult to control and feared spread of rebellion
• Ordered new Archbishop of Canterbury Edmund Grindal to suppress these, sympathetic so refused, suspended and put of house arrest in 1577
• Puritans challenged via parliament - able to get elected as MPs and attempt to change Prayer Book - suppressed
• 2nd = Antony Cope and Peter Wentwork attempted bill to remove Church structure, sent to Tower
• Elizabeth ordered Speaker of Commons to block settlement talks
• By 1589 = Puritan challenge decreased, key supporters died
• Parliament passed Act against Seditious Secretaries (1593), forced anyone who refused to attned Church of England services to exile, if returned = executed

• Called parliament to raise taxation (war with Spain)
• Main concerns = misue of monopolies and high taxation
• Local complaints - abuse of royal prerogative, granted for courtiers for profit
• No competition, forced prices up
• Parliament of 1597, socio-economic decrease, war with Spain and rebellion in Ireland
• Some MPs = introduce parliamentary bill, petition Elizabeth instead, no direct challenge
• Parliament of 1601 - Elizabeth called it for more taxation, did nothing about monopolies, mob burst in to complain
• Elizabeth met with 140 MPs = golden speech admitted to some lapses of error, still upheld prerogative rights

Statute Law - laws passed by parliament could only be changed by future parliament

• Before 1530s - parliament instrument of monarch
• After 1530s - parliament used to create break with Rome
• Created 'king-in-parliament' = most powerful, king acting in conjunction with parliament, authority over Church
• Theory - God granted royal supremacy, people gave them authority to assume it through parliament
• Mary I replealed Act of Supremacy and Elizabeth I reasserted it
• Parliament had rights and priviledges as power increased - debates on freedom of speech and role in granting taxation
• Thomas More - speech requesting Henry VIII to allow MPs to speak freely - agreed and allowed to restrict taxation
• 1530s - Cromwell introduced by-elections, vacancies in commons when parliament in session could be filled
• 1555 - Mary faced revolt from MPs - refused to accept bill to confiscate land from those exiled from England - MP for Glouchestershire locked Commons door and forced speaker to vote defeating bill