HSC UNIT 4 LO3 malfunctions

• Stomach pain and cramping
• Changes in bowel habits
• Bloating and excessive swelling of the stomach
• Excessive wind
• The sudden need to go to the toilet
• Feeling the bowel hasn't fully emptied
• Mucus passing from the anus 

• Food moves through the digestive system too quickly or too slowly which causes diarrhoea or constipation 
• This could be due to possible problems with the absorption of bile
• Muscle contractions in the intestine may be weaker and cause the slower passage through the digestive system 
• Can  develop after a severe bout of diarrhoea
• Abnormalities in the nerves may cause this as poor signals cause the gut to overreact to normal changes

• It is believed to be linked to an increased sensitivity of the gut to certain foods which could also be related to problems with digested foods
• Symptoms seem to be triggered by consuming something. Changes in lifestyle and diet can be important in controlling and managing IBS
• Most people with IBS experience worse or more frequent symptoms and signs during periods of increased stress
• Hormone changes may play a role as women are 2 times more likely to get the condition 

Monitoring: 

• Use of a diary to monitor factors that worsen symptoms and how bad they are
• Stress management
• CBT, drug therapy, pain treatment or a low dose of antidepressants 

Lifestyle: 

• Cut down on high fibre foods and avoid sweeteners to prevent diarrhoea 
• Avoid hard to digest foods and eat up to one tablespoon of linseeds a day to avoid bloating, cramps and flatulence

Medications:

• Laxatives to increase bowel movements
• secretagogues to increase fluid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract
• Bulking agents to increase the ease of stool passage 
• Anti-diarrhoeal agents to slow gut movement
• Endoscopy to inspect the upper digestive system and take a tissue sample to check for problems

• A person might not want to go out as they may not be able to find a toilet so avoid going out with friends and so lose friends which causes social isolation
• Pain and stomach cramps may restrict sleep which causes tiredness and emotional frustration
• Flatulence is embarrassing and may cause a lack of confidence
• A restricted diet could make socializing difficult or embarrassing as they may not be able to eat and drink the same as others
• Coffee and fizzy drinks should be avoided as they can cause irritation
• May need to avoid stressful situations
• Food diary to identify foods that cause irritation
• Regular exercise to relieve stress and increase feelings of wellbeing 

• Indigestion
• Stomach pain
• Flatulence
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Anaemia
• Loss of appetite
• feeling tired all the time as a result of malnutrition
• Children not growing at the expected rate
• Adults experiencing unexpected weight loss

Biological explanation: 

• Autoimmune condition 
  • The immune system fights gliadin (found in gluten) and it attacks it 
  • This damages the villi and the antibodies cause the surface of the intestine to get flattened and the intestine to become inflamed so the ability to absorb nutrients gets interrupted

Causes: 

• Often runs in families so if a close relative has it, you have a higher chance of getting it
• Research has shown it is strongly associated with a group of genetic mutations that affect a group of genes responsible for the development of the immune system 
  • environmental factors could trigger it
• Evidence that introducing gluten into a baby's diet before 6 months may increase the risk of developing it 

Lifestyle: 

• Give up all foods containing gluten to avoid long term damage

Medication: 

• Vaccinations - more vulnerable to infections
• Vitamin and mineral supplements - help correct dietary deficiencies until the villi grow back 

Impacts:

• Reading food labels carefully when shopping as flour is used as a thickening agent
• Take care when eating out or with friends and family - gluten free foods
• Avoid using oil that has been used to fry gluten as there could be traces of gluten left

• sudden and severe abdominal pain
• excessive sweating
• feeling sick 
• vomiting
• jaundice
• itchy skin
• diarrhea
• loss of appetite

Biological explanation:

• Can form if: 
  • There are unusually high levels of cholesterol in the gall bladder
  • There are unusually high levels of a waste product called bilirubin in the gall bladder
• These chemical imbalances cause crystals to develop in bile 
• These can gradually grow into solid stones that can be up to as large as a pebble
• Several normally develop

Causes: 

• Caused by a chemical imbalance in the makeup of bile in the gall bladder
• More common if the individual is overweight, aged over 40, has a condition that affects the flow of bile or has had a close relative who has had gall stones

Monitoring: 

• active monitoring to look at symptoms and see if they get worse so treatment can be given 

Medications: 

• Tablets to dissolve small gall stones

Surgery: 

• Removing the gall bladder via keyhole surgery
• Cholangiography - a dye is put in the gall bladder then x-rays are taken to look at the gall stones 
• Lithotripsy - An endoscope is used to look for the gall stones and shockwaves are used to shatter them

• The gall bladder is not essential so can be removed 
  • After surgery, bloating and diarrhoea can still be experienced after eating fatty or spicy foods so it is recommended to avoid them
• It is recommended to eat a healthy and balanced diet 
• Recovery from surgery can be long